Leonard Family Reunions in Central New York Old newspaper clippings about family reunions can reveal connections we may have never made otherwise. Following are some Leonard family reunions I found in old New York Newspapers, with the help of one of my favorite sites, fultonhistory.com . In summary, most of these reunions are for descendants of Jacob Leonard  and were held in or around Steuben County, New York. His descendants held reunions from 1889 through 1940, and possibly later. Thirty six of them are documented below. They are all listed in chronological order making it easier to see which reunions were happening each year. Most of these reunions for the descendants of Jacob Leonard. There may have been a pause in the reunions but there were later reunions in the area containing some of the same family names. Those are colored blue . Other reunions held in Owego, Binghamton, Tioga and Endicott, between 1912 and 1928 was attended by Dr. John Leonard of Harford, Cortland County, New York. Those are colored green . These appear to be descendants of Chauncey Leonard . The remaining unidentified reunions are colored red . Note: I know the descendants of Charles Russell Leonard held reunions in Homer in the early 1960's. They continued the tradition until just a few years ago, holding many reunions in the Cayuga County area. I have not found notices of these reunions in the newspapers, though. Leonard Reunions in New York Newspapers From The Andover News, Andover, New York, Aug. 12, 1891: Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Bundy are in Westfield, Pa., to-day in attendance at the reunion of the Leonard family. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed, Sept. 14, 1892: Leonard Family Reunion. The fourth annual reunion of the Leonard family was held on Wednesday, August 31st, 1892, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Morse, near Curtis, N. Y. At an early hour we began to gather, bringing baskets filled with delicate blends for the impending occasion. Smiling and cheerful faces greeted one another, betokening happiness and good cheer. The forenoon was spent in visiting and other social intercourse, inquiring after friends. Among those not present was the much lamented Edwin L. Seeley, who had been with us on previous occasions; also the wife and child of George Genung and the son of Jacob L. Genung, who have passed from earth. At the hour of high twelve we were invited to partake of richly-ladened tables, burdened with tempting delicacies. After this pleasant repast, H. F. Morse, the president, called the meeting to order, with music and prayer. An address of welcome was ably delivered by A. H. Hoover of Toronto, Ont. The reports of the secretary and treasurer were then read and accepted. Then Rev. M. H. Dunham of Hedgesville gave us a brief but logical annual address. We were then favored with the following pleasing recitations: "Welcome," Susie E. Wood; "The Thunder Storm," Nellie E. Morse; "The Teamster," Willard H. Morse; "The Little Boy's Plea," Bertie H. Seely; "Johnny's Opinion of his Grandmother", Mark Morse; "Guilty or Not Guilty?" Sarah Morse; "Model Church," an essay, Miss Millie Morse; "The Old Man," a song, Sylvester Smith. The next was the election of officers-President, Heman Churchill; vice-president, A. H. Hoover; secretary, Ira M. Wood; treasurer, Geo. D. Paddock. Badges were kindly presented by A. H. Hoover. The following named committee was elected on literary program: Mrs. Mary Paddock, Mrs. H. F. Morse, Miss Mary Sherman. Photographs were taken of the group and surroundings by E. T. Gates of Addison . The next annual gathering of the family will be held at Heman Churchill's, South Bradford, the last Wednesday in August, 1893. A vote of thanks were extended to the friends who so kindly entertained them and who did everything in their power to render the occasion so delightful. After the following names were registered we bid each other goodbye, hoping to all meet again at the next reunion: Henry E. Morse, Hannah Morse, Nellie E. Morse, Willard H. Morse, Curtis; A. H. Hoover, Evelyn B. Hoover, Toronto, Ont.; Ira M. Wood, Anna E. Wood, Susie E. Wood, Eagar M. Wood, Marion A. Wood, North Urbana; Rebecca Leonard, Heman Churchill, Lydia Churchill, South Bradford; George, D. Paddock, Susan E. Paddock, Lola L. Paddock, Bradford; Anna L. Seely., Bertie B. Seely. Pulteney; John H. Eygabroat, Osee L. Eygabroat. Ida M. Eygabroat. Addison; Sylvester Smith, Mary F. Smith, Erwin; Bennett Morse, Sarah C. Morse, Millie Morse, Addison; Rev. M. H. Dunham, Louisa Dunham, Hedgesville: William Sherman, Sophia Sherman, Mary Sherman, Ida Sherman, Robbie Sherman, Anna Sherman, Satie Sherman, Helen Sherman, Tyrone; Mary Jones, Clara Jones, Willie Jones, Corning; Henry T. Leonard, Bradford; John Leonard, Slaterville; George S. Morse, Corning; George Genung, Harry Genung, Clara Genung, Hammondsport; Roswell Morse, Della Morse, Ray Morae, Sarah Morse, Mark Morse, Curtis; B. N. Morse, Adda Morse, Willie Morse, Bertie Morse, Corning; Jason Stevens, Rilla Stevens, Harry Stevens, Rush Stevens, Grove Stevens, Curtis; C. E. Turnbull, Maggie Turnbull, Ethel Turnbull, Addison; Henry C. Morse, Harriet Morse, Curtis: Samuel L McCold, Emma C. McCold, West Caton; K. T. Gates, Addison. From The Watkins Democrat, Watkins, New York, Thurs., Aug. 3, 1893: The fifth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 30th, at the home of Heman Churchill and wife, at South Bradford, Steuben County. From The Watkins Democrat, Watkins, New York, Thurs., Aug. 9, 1894: The sixth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held at the home of N. Elmer Ganung, at Bradford, Wednesday, the 29th inst. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 15, 1894: The annual reunion of the Leonard family, of whom there are numerous relatives and friends in this section, will be held at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Genung, near Bradford, on Wednesday, August 29th. From The Watkins Express, Thurs., Aug. 23, 1894: The annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Ganung, near Bradford, on Wednesday, August 29th. From The Advocate, Bath, Steuben, New York, Aug. 7, 1895: The Stewarts picnic this year in S. E. Stone's grove on the 21st, and the Leonard family reunion will be held at the home of Darius Tyler on the 28th inst. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Sept. 11, 1895: Leonard Family Reunion. From Savona Review. The seventh annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the beautiful home of Mr. and Mrs. Darius Tyler on the bank of Lake Keuka near Pulteney, on Wednesday, August 28th, 1895, and was one of the most successful, and delightful gatherings held since the formation of the society. As heretofore, no effort or pains had been spared upon the part of Mr. and Mrs. Tyler to have all the necessary arrangements and details so carefully planned and executed that the utmost comfort was provided for all the friends and relatives present. More than seventy-five persons had come together to renew the friendship of former occasions and partake of the hospitality so bountifully and deliciously provided. There were no disappointments to mar the festivities, and a grand good time was the unanimous verdict of all. After prayer by the chaplain and music by the choir, the vice-president, Geo D. Paddock, of Bradford, in a few well-chosen words, on behalf of the host and hostess, bade the large assembly a hearty and cordial welcome. The annual address was delivered by Rev. M. H. Dunham of Jackson Summit, Pa., who with his good wife had driven over fifty miles to be present. Elder Dunham is one of God's nobleman. Ready, always, to obey wherever duty calls him; able and competent to assume any position where words of cheer and comfort thrill the dullest heart; such men make the world better for their having lived therein. The minutes of the last meeting were, upon motion, adopted as printed. The treasurer's reports showed a healthy financial condition, and the place of meeting for next year was located at Wm. Sherman's, near Bradford, the last Wednesday in August. Following are the officers elected:- Wm. Sherman, pres.; Heman Churchill, vice-pres.: Henry Morse, treas.; Lydia A. Churchill, sec. Since the last meeting death has invaded our circle and called to her well-earned reward one of the older members of the family. Sophia Genung, wife of Elmer Genung, died at her home near Bradford, April 21st, 1895, aged eighty years, and was buried in the cemetery at Bradford. She was one of the children of the pioneer family and had been a great sufferer for many years, paralysis having rendered her well nigh helpless. Two of the former gatherings had been held at her home which she had heartily enjoyed. The following persons were present and registered :- Darius Tyler and wife, Bertie Seeley, Misses Libbie and Annie Seeley, J. B. Hadden, John G. Tyler and wife. P. O. Horton, Clara Horton, I. E. Horton, J. Van Amburg and wife, C. H. Perry and wife, O. C. Cross, Albert Seely, E. Abel and wife, M. B. Brush, Lulu N. Hadden, J. P. Hadden. Mrs. G. P. Hadden, Stella Cross, Mrs. E. D. Cross, Menzo S. Horton, Pulteney: Roswell Morse, Delia Morse. Curtis: Heman Churchill and wife, South Bradford: Rev. M. H. Dunham and wife, Jackson Summit. Pa.: Henry Morse and wife. Erwin: Rev. G. A. Beers, wife and daughter, South Pulteney: Wm. Sherman and wife. Misses Mary, Ida, Annie, Satie and Helen Sherman. Tyrone: A. H. Hoover and wife, Toronto, Ont.. J. H. Genung. wife and son, George Genung. son and daughter. Hammondsport: N. E. Genung. Oscar Genung, George Paddock, wife and daughter. B. Little, Herman Reed, Edwin Brown, A. Switzer, Bradford: E. Wood, Susie E. Wood. M. Crookston and wife. Wayne: Robert Best and wife. R. E. Best, Fred Best. Miss Lida Best, Starkey: Henry Ellis and wife. Dundee: Miss Alice Crofoot. Auburn. Miss Gertrude A. Parker. Prattsburgh. After the conclusion of the program and repast, a hearty vote of thanks was given to the host and hostess. An enterprising photographer secured two group negatives, and amid many hearty good-byes and "God bless you's" the seventh reunion was at an end. L. A. C. South Bradford. Aug. 29, 1895. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Aug. 4, 1897: The ninth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wed., Aug. 25th, 1897, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Geo. D. Paddock on the Jacob Leonard homestead , Bradford, New York. Lydia A. Churchill, Secretary. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Aug. 10, 1898: The tenth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 31st, 1898, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Best, Starkey, N. Y. Mrs. Lydia A. Churchill, Sec'y., Bradford, N. Y. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 30, 1899: The Leonard family reunion is being held today, at the residence of Heman Churchill in this village. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 15, 1900 & Wed. Aug. 22, 1900: The twelfth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 20th, 1900, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Henry T. Morse at Curtiss. All relatives and friends of the family are requested to be present on this occasion. LYDIA A. SANFORD, Sec., Bradford, N. Y., Aug. 5th, 1900. From The Elmira Daily Gazette and Free Press, Aug. 7, 1900: Bath, Aug. 8 - The annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. H. G. Morse at Curtis, August 29th. From The North Adams Evening Transcript, (Mississippi?) Thurs., July 11, 1901: The reunion of the Leonard family and the commemorative exercises for their two great ancestors, James and Henry Leonard, the first successful iron workers in America, was held at Taunton, Mass., under the auspices of the, Old Colony Historical society. From The Prattsburgh News, Prattsburgh, New York, Aug. 22, 1901 The thirteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held August 28th at the home of Mrs. Darius Tyler, Pulteney. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 21, 1901 & Aug. 28, 1901: LEONARD FAMILY. The thirteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 28th, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Darius Tyler, Pulteney, N. Y. LYDIA CHURCHILL, Secretary. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Sept. 11, 1901: Leonard Family Reunion The 13th annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Darius Tyler, on the bank of Lake Keuka, near Pulteney, on Wednesday, August 28th, 1901. The day was perfect and not a single incident occurred to mar the festivities of the occasion. About one hundred friends and relatives were present and a grand good time was enjoyed. Among those present from a distance were Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Hoover, Toronto, Ont., and Mrs. Ann W. Wilson, Ann Arbor, Mich. The exercises were held upon the lawn under some beautiful shade trees in front of the house, which had been fitted up especially for the purpose so that an abundance of shade was provided. The tables were arranged under the family tent and were ample to accommodate nearly all who were present at one sitting. A great deal of credit is due both Mr. and Mrs. Tyler for the care and time spent in preparation to make the occasion one long to be remembered by all who were fortunate enough to be present. After the usual hand-shakings and greetings, and the friends had been made to feel at home, the assemblage was called to order by the president, Darius Tyler, at twelve o'clock. In a few brief words, well spoken, he extended a cordial welcome to the many friends present and kindly, thanked them for the interest manifested upon the 13th anniversary of so many former meetings of the family. He then bade them be seated around the tables loaded with everything heart could wish for the gratification of the inner man. The Invitation was not long in abeyance for soon all were doing justice to tempting things provided in a manner which left no doubt of the nature of the appetites in waiting to be satisfied regardless of the dyspeptic conditions or consequences which might follow an indulgence of this kind. Dinner over, the exercises began. Music, both vocal and instrumental were furnished in abundance while recitations by the young people had been plentifully provided. Two cornet solos were contributed by A. H. Hoover and well received. Excellent singing was furnished by Mr. and Mrs. J. Wildman of Hammondsport and Miss Irene Jude-Vine of Pulteney. Recitations were delivered by Masters Smith and Wildman and also Laura Cross, Helen Sherman and Sarah Morse. The report of the secretary, showed the association to be in a good financial condition. Letters of regret were received and read from Mrs. Sarah Morse, Campbell, N. Y., Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Yonker, Bowling Green, Ohio, Mrs. Osee Fox, Fostoria, Ohio, Mrs. A. E. Rice, Muskegon, Mich., and Rev. R. S. Clark, Stanards, N. Y. Two deaths were reported among the relatives since the last reunion, Mrs. Sarah Ann Leonard Culver, Bowling Green, Ohio, aged 55 years, and Mrs. Albert Bradford, of Fostoria, Ohio, aged 38 years. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: William Sherman, President. Aaron Switzer, Vice Pres, George Paddock, Treasurer, Lydia A. Churchill, Secretary. Executive-Committee: A. H. Hoover, Toronto. Ont, Ira M. Wood, Wayne Four Corners, Jacob Genung, Hammondsport, George Paddock, Bradford, Henry Morse, Curtis, N. Y. The closing exercises ended with music, the choir singing by special request, "God be with you till we meet again." The next reunion will be held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Sherman, Tyrone, N. Y., on the last Wednesday of August 1902, Lydia A. Churchill, Sec'y. From b, Aug. 1902: The fourteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held August 27, 1902, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Sherman, Tyrone, N.Y. - Lydia A. Churchill, Secretary, Bradford, N.Y. From the Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 6, 1902, Aug. 20, 1902, Aug. 27, 1902: The 14th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held at William Sherman's in Tyrone, August. 27th. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Aug. 5, 1903: The fifteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, Aug. 26, 1903, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Eygabroat, Addison, New York. From The Elmira Telegram, Aug. 9, 1903: Watkins. The fifteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 26, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Eygabroat, of Addison. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Sept. 2, 1903: Leonard Family Reunion. The fifteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family was held on Wednesday, Ang. 26th, 1903, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Eygabroat, Addison, N. Y. Over 100 relatives and friends were present from Slaterville, Dundee, Starkey, Pulteney, Tyrone, Bradford, Elmira, Corning, Painted Post and Campbell. Many were the happy hearts that greeted Miss Mabel Leonard of Slaterville who had never met with us before at our family gatherings. The day was perfect and not an incident occurred to mar the festivities of the occasion. Mr. Eygabroat and family did all in their power for the happiness and comfort of all the relatives and friends who had accepted of their kind hospitality, which was appreciated by all present. The tables were arranged under the family tent and they were never so laden with everything heart could wish as on this occasion. After the usual greetings the assemblage was called to order by the vice-president, Henry F. Morse, who extended a hearty welcome to all and bade them be seated around the tables that looked so inviting. Dinner over, the exercises began with music and singing: prayer by Willie Morse; three beautiful songs by Satie and Helen Sherman. The little ones who favored us with recitations deserve special mention. The whistling quartette was loudly cheered. The secretary's report showed the association to be in a good financial condition, entirely out of debt. Letters of regret were read from Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Hoover Toronto, Ont; Mrs. A. W. Wilson, Ann Arbor, Mich; Mrs. Clark Bradford and Mrs, Osee Fox of Fostoria, Ohio. The badges presented by A. H. Hoover were gratefully received. As this reunion was the first received. As this reunion was the first one in ten years that Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Hoover had not attended they with other relatives were sadly missed by all. The host and hostess were presented with a beautiful souvenir spoon a token of love and esteem from Mr. and Mrs. Hoover. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Aaron Switzer, president: Robert Best. vice-president; Geo. D. Paddock, treasurer; Lydia A. Churchill, secretary. The next reunion will be held at Aaron Switser's, Bradford, N. Y ., the last Wednesday of Aug. 1904. Death has not entered our ranks as a family during the past year and as we gave the parting hand to all it was our heart felt wish that we may all meet in heaven where we will never say good by. L. A. C. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Aug. 3, 1904: The sixteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, Aug. 24, 1904, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Heman Churchill, Bradford, New York. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 3, Aug. 10, Aug. 17, Aug. 24, and Aug. 31, 1904: LEONARD FAMILY. The sixteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 24th, 1904, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Herman Churchill, Bradford, N. Y. MRS. L. A. CHURCHILL, Sec'y. From The Buffalo Courier, Sun., Aug. 21, 1904: The sixteenth reunion of the Leonard family will be held at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Herman Churchill, of Bradford, on Wednesday, August 24th. The call is issued by Mrs. L. A. Churchill as the secretary. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Oct. 4, 1905: LEONARD FAMILY REUNION. The 17th annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Best, Starkey, N. Y., on Wednesday, the 18th inst. Notwithstanding the unfavorable condition of the weather during the earlier hours of the day and the location being somewhat remote from the other members of the family, the attendance was quite large, many of the family who have taken an active interest in these annual gatherings coming from Pulteney, Curtis and other distant parts, necessitating two days driving in some cases. About noon the sun came out nice and bright, the clouds disappeared and the afternoon was very pleasant and resulted in a very enjoyable affair. Among those present were: Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Hoover, Toronto, Ont., Henry and Miss Morse, Curtis, N. Y., Mrs. Annie Tyler, Pulteney, George Genung, Hammondsport, George Paddock and Mrs. Susan Paddock, Bradford, Benjamin Little and Mrs. Lola Little, Bradford, Misses Sadie and Helen Sherman, Bradford, Heman Churchill and Lydia Churchill, Bradford, Philip Basage and wife, Rochester, and Elmer Best, Geneva. Letters of regret were received from Mrs. Ann W. Wilson, Ann Arbor, Mich., and Mrs. Ossie Fox, Fostoria, Ohio. The Secretary's report showed that since the last reunion death had invaded the family circle in two instances. Mr. James B. Fox, of Fostoria, Ohio, died Aug. 30th, 1905 and Mrs. Sopha Sherman, died March 6th, 1905 in her fifty-fourth year. Cousin Sophia was a good consistent, Christian woman, and a member of the M. E. church at Tyrone. She possessed qualities of mind and heart that were both noble and upright she bore her sufferings with Christian fortitude. She was burled from her home where a vast concourse of friends and neighbors amid a profusion of flowers and of tears, which bore testimony of love and esteem for the departed and sympathy for the husband and children, whose sorrow no one can know only those who have waded through waters as deep ore the loss of a loved wife and mother. The usual exercises, consisting of recitations, music, etc., were indulged in, and an old fashioned visit was had which well repaid those who had been in attendance at former gatherings of the family to be present at this time. A pleasant incident in connection with this reunion was the presentation to the host and hostess of a set of solid silver teaspoons as a token of friendship and appreciation by Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Hoover for painstaking care and attention shown to the guests present. The next reunion will be held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ellis, Dundee, N. Y. A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. and Mrs. Best for their hospitality and to the choir for the beautiful singing, which was so well rendered. After the closing piece "Blest Be the Tie That Binds" the Good Byes were said and we all hope to meet again at our next reunion. Mrs. L. A. Churchill, Secretary From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Aug. 1, 1906: The 18th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held Wednesday, Aug. 22, at the home of Henry Ellis, Dundee. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Sept. 5, 1906 (Also printed in The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Sept. 5, 1906): Leonard Family Reunion. The Eighteenth Annual Reunion of the Leonard Family was held on Wednesday, August 22d, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ellis, Dundee, N Y. Seventy-five relatives and friends were present, from Toronto, Ont., Rochester, Pulteney, Dundee, Starkey, Ithaca, Tyrone, Bradford, Campbell, South Bradford, Curtis, Painted Post, New York. The day was perfect and not an incident occurred to mar the festivities of the occasion. Mr. and Mrs. Ellis did all in their power for the happiness and comfort of all relatives and friends, who were present, which was appreciated by all. The tables were arranged under the family tent and were loaded down with all that heart could wish. After the usual greetings the assemblage was called to order by Heman Churchill on behalf of the President, Mr. Ellis. A hearty welcome was extended to all, as they were invited to be seated at the tables that looked so inviting. Dinner over, the exercises began with a brief but excellent program which had been carefully arranged. The choir rendered "Blest be the tie that binds," followed by prayer by Mr. George Paddock. Recitations were next in order. A temperance piece was well rendered by Miss Edith Knapp, of Altay. Gussie Reed, Katie Knapp, and Charlie Brown each sang a beautiful solo. Lynn Reed, Mary Murdock and little Erva Littell favored us with recitations that were heartily cheered. Mrs. Anna Brown and sisters, Satie and Helen Sherman, sang two beautiful songs, which were well received. Since our last annual gathering the Grim Reaper Death has invaded our ranks and removed from our kindred circle three of our loved ones. Cousin Fred Eygabroat died at his home in Lawrenceville, Pa., Sept. 17th, 1905, aged thirty years. Aunt Sarah Leonard Morse died at her home in Campbell, N.Y., Dec. 21st, 1905, aged eighty-three years. Aunt Elizabeth Leonard Bradford died at her home in Fostoria, Ohio, July 11th, 1906, aged eighty-eight years. The Secretary's report showed the society to be in a good financial condition. All out of debt and money in the treasury. The services of a photographer were received and a picture of the group taken. Mr. and Mrs. Hoover of Toronto came to the reunion in their large touring car. He gave sixteen of the children a ride, which will never be forgotten. Mr. and Mrs. Ellis were presented with a set of solid silver teaspoons as a token of love and esteem from Mr. and Mrs. Hoover. After a few interesting remarks by Mr. J. Almy, the choir sang "God be with you till we meet again." The following officers wero elected for the ensuing year: A. H. Hoover, President: Henry F. Morse, vice pres.; George D. Paddock, treas; Lydia A. Churchill, secy. A vote of thanks was given the host and hostess, and the choir, and to all the kind neighbors and friends who had aided so much in the enjoyment of the occasion. May we all meet again was the wish of all present. L. A. Churchill, Sec'y. From The Buffalo Courier, Buffalo, New York, Aug. 11, 1907: Mrs. George R. Nobles and grandson Herbert attended the Leonard family reunion at Knoxville, Pa. From The Courier, Bath, Steuben, New York, Aug. 1907: The Leonard family reunion will be held at Henry F. Morse's in Curtis Hollow on August 28. The family of Roswell Morse of Campbell, and Miss Millie Morse of Campbell expect to be present. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Sept. 4, 1907 (Also printed in the The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Sept. 4, 1907): Leonard Family Reunion. The nineteenth annual reunion of the Leonard family was held on Wednesday, August 28th, 1907, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Morse, near Curtis, N.Y. A large number of friends and relatives were present from Addison, Bradford, South Bradford, Corning, Campbell, Elmira, Pulteney, Painted Post, Curtis, and Starkey. As on two former occasions Mr. and Mrs. Morse did all in their power to make this reunion the best one of all, in which they admirably succeeded. The tables were arranged under the family tent, and they were never so laden with everything that heart could wish. After the usual greetings the assemblage was called to order by the vice-president, Henry Morse, who extended a hearty welcome to all and invited them to be seated around the tables that looked so inviting. Dinner over the exercises began with singing by the choir. "Will There be Any Starts in my Crown?" The little ones favored us with recitations and were heavily cheered. The secretary's report showed the association to be in a good financial condition, out of debt, with money in the treasury. Letters of regret were received from Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Hoover of Toronto, Ont., Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Yonkers, Bowling Green, Ohio, and Miss Nellie Morse of New Bedford, Conn. The badges kindly presented by Mr. and Mrs. Hoover were kindly received with thankful hearts and every one regretted their not being with us this year. The host and hostess were presented with a set of solid silver tea spoons, as a token of love and esteem from Mr. and Mrs. Hoover. Mrs. Maggie Turnbull of Addison presided at the organ and favored us with music, both vocal and instrumental. Our next reunion will be held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Roswell Morse, Campbell, N. Y. Officers elected for the ensuing year were: Roswell Morse, President; Frank Drake, Vice-President, George G. Paddock, Treasurer; and Lydia A. Churchill, Secretary. During the past year death has claimed two of our loved ones. Mr. Bennett Morse died at his home in Campbell, January 6, 1907, aged eighty-eight years and Mr. J. H. Eygabroat died at his home in the town of Addison, N. Y., May 26th, 1907, aged eighty-four years. Thus one by one our loved ones are gathered home. i A vote of thanks was given Mr. and Mrs. Morse for their kind hospitality and then by special request the closing piece was sung, "God Be With You Till We Meet Again". L. A. Churchill, Secretary. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Aug. 5, 1908: Leonard Family. The 20th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, Aug. 26th, 1908 at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Roswell Morse at Campbell, N.Y. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Sept. 2, 1908: (Also printed in the The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Sept. 9, 1908) Leonard Family Reunion. The 20th annual reunion of the Leonard family was held on August, 26th, 1908. at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Roswell Morse, in Campbell, N.Y. Nearly 60 relatives from Millerton, Pa., Slaterville. Pulteney, Tyrone, Bradford, South Bradford, Corning, Painted Post. Coopers, Curtis, Sonora and Campbell. Many were the happy hearts that greeted Mr. William H. Leonard and brother Richard, of Slaterville. N. Y, who had never met with us before at our family reunions. The day was all that could be desired. Mr. and Mrs. Morse and their children did all in their power for the happiness and comfort of all relatives who accepted of their kind hospitality, which was appreciated by alt present. The tables were arranged under the family tent and were loaded down with everything heart could wish. After the usual greeting the assemblage was called to order by the president, Roswell Morse. who extended a hearty welcome to all and bade them be seated around the tables that looked so inviting. Dinner over, the exercises began with singing, "Blest he the ties that bind." Prayer by Rev. S. A. Prince of Campbell. The recitations were all good and well rendered. The address given by Rev. J. W. Miller, of Millerton. Pa. was greatly enjoyed by all present. Letters of regret were received from Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Hoover, Toronto, Ont., and Mrs. A. W. Wilson, Ann Arbor, Mich. The badges kindly presented by Mr. and Mrs. Hoover, were received with thankful hearts. Mr. and Mrs. Hoover with other relatives were sadly missed at the gathering. As on several former occasions, the host and hostess were presented with a set of solid silver teaspoons as a token of love and esteem from Mr. and Mrs. Hoover. The secretary's report showed the association to be in a good financial condition-out of debt and money in the treasury. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Fred Balcom, president; Edwin Smith. vice-president; George D. Paddock, treasurer; Lydia A. Churchill, secretary. Our next meeting will be held the last Wednesday in June, 1909, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Fred Balcom, Painted Post, N. Y. Our hearts are filled with gratitude to our Heavenly Father that death has not entered our ranks as a family circle during the past year. The closing exercises ended with singing, "When the roll is called up yonder." The parting hand was given to all with a heartfelt wish that we may all meet again at our next reunion. Lydia A. Churchill, Secretary. From The Elmira Star-Gazette, Elmira, New York, Fri., Aug. 7, 1908: LEONARD - The 19th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held Wednesday, August 26, in Three Fall glen, Ridgebury. I. H. Leonard, secretary, Wellsburg, N. Y., R. F. D., No 55. From The Steuben Courier, Bath, New York, Fri., Sept. 4, 1908: The twentieth annual reunion the Leonard family was held at the home of Roswell Morse on Wednesday, August 26. Fifty-two members of the family were present, including representatives from Campbell, Savona, Bradford, Painted Post, and Caroline, Schuyler county. Rev J. W. Miller, of Millerton, Pa., gave an address. A program was rendered. All enjoyed the occasion. The next reunion will be held at the home of Fred Balcom in Painted Post the third Wednesday in June. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 18, 1909: Leonard Reunion. The twenty-first annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Fred Balcom, Painted Post, N. Y., Wednesday, August 4th, 1909. The day was perfect, and not an incident occurred to mar the festivities. More than 60 relatives and friends were present, and the occasion was enjoyable. Among those from a distance were: Mr. and Mis. A. H. Hoover, Toronto; Mrs. Ann, W. Wilson, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Mrs. Osee Fox, Fostoria, Ohio; Mrs. Emily Sherman, Mrs. E. Barbank, Shinglehouse, Pa. Letters of regret were received from C. D. Yonkers and family, Bowling Green, Ohio, Much credit is due Mr. and Mrs. Balcom for their untiring efforts for the comfort of the guests. The exercises consisted of the address of welcome by the president; prayer by the chaplain followed by music; singing, select reading and recitations, which was attentively listened to. The report of the secretary showed the financial part perfect; also that two deaths have occurred during the past Year: Ira M. Wood at his home in the town of Wayne, December 12th, 1908, in his 67th year, and George Eugene, infant Bon of Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Littell in Bradford February 22nd, 1909. As on several former reunion, the host and hostess were presented a set of solid silver teaspoons by Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Hoover, at a token of love and esteem. Mr. Hoover also presented the secretary with a solid silver medal, in appreciation of her faithful services during the past fifteen years, which was received with heartfelt thanks. The following executive committee was appointed: A. B. Hoover, George Paddock, Heman Churchill, Henry F. Morse, Robert Best. That the next reunion may be as pleasant and that the organization may continue to survive with increased interest for many long years to come was the wish of all present. From The Advocate, Bath, New York, Aug. 17, 1910: Leonard Reunion. The 22nd Annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, Aug. 31st, 1910 at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Littell at Bradford, N. Y. From The Elmira Star Gazette, Elmira, New York, Aug. 1911: LEONARD REUNION. The twenty-third annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held in Three Falls glen, Wednesday, August 30. All relatives and friends are cordially invited. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 16, 1911: Leonard The twenty-third annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 30th, 1911, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Keifer, Bradford. N. Y. All relatives are requested to be present. LYDIA A. CHURCHILL, Sec'y. From The Steuben Courier, Bath, New York, Fri., Aug. 9, 1912: The twenty-fourth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 28, at the home of Henry Morse at Curtis . From The Elmira Star Gazette, Elmira, New York, Mon., Aug. 19, 1912: LEONARD REUNION. The annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held in Three Fall Glen, near Wellsburg, on Wednesday, August 28. Fred Lefler is secretary. From The Waverly Free Press & Tioga County Record, Fri., July 19, 1912, p. 9: Additional Owego News - Leonard Family Reunion. The annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held at the fairgrounds in this village on Thursday, August 22. From The Waverly Free Press & Tioga County Record, Fri., Aug. 30, 1912, p. 4: Leonard Family Reunion. The annual reunion of the Leonard family was held last Thursday on the Fair grounds In Owego. There were about 60 present, many coming from a distance. A bountiful dinner was served in the dining hall. At the business session which followed the dinner hour, it was decided to hold the reunion for the year 1913; at the same place, the date to be decided by the officers. The following are the officers of the association: President William Leonard of Dushore, Pa.: Vice President, Frank Leonard of Sayre, Pa.: Secretary and Treasurer, Grace Stutler of Tioga Center. From The Cortland Democrat, Cortland, New York, Fri., Aug. 30, 1912: Dr. and Mrs. J. L. Leonard and their daughter Ella were in Owego last Thursday attending the annual reunion of the Leonard family. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 13 & Aug. 20, 1913: Leonard Family. The twenty-fifth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 27, 1913, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester Smith, Coopers, All relatives are cordially invited. Lydia A. Churchill, Secretary. From The Steuben Farmers' Advocate, Bath, New York, Wed., Sept. 3, 1913: Leonard Reunion. The twenty-fifth annual reunion of the Leonard family was held on Wednesday, Aug. 27. 1913, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester Smith, Coopers, N. Y. The weather was fine. There were seventy present and all enjoyed the bountiful dinner and the way the tempting food disappeared proved the fact there was no dyspeptic in the Leonard family. Dinner over, the company was called to order by the president; singing by the choir; prayer by Millie Morse; select reading, "Reunion Day," by Anna Brown. Two little twin boys, Ernie and Ernest Smith, favored us with some violin music. The names of all the relatives that have died since the first reunion in 1889 were read. There were 29 in number. There was only one death in our family circle last year. George D. Paddock died at his home near Bradford, N. Y., the 31st day of May, 1918, aged 63 years. O how we miss the loved ones gone before, but our loss is their gain, we can only say: "Servant of God well done; Thy glorious warfare's past, The battle's fought, the race is won. And thou art crowned at last" The exercises were closed by singing, God be with you till we meet again. We as a circle of relatives feel very grateful to Mr. Smith and family for doing all in their power to make it pleasant for the friends who attended the reunion. We found only too soon that night was approaching and we must return to our homes, and when the parting hand was given and the good-byes were said we all hoped to meet at our next reunion at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Smith at Painted Post, N. Y. Lydia A. Churchill, Secretary. From The Gilboa Monitor, Gilboa, New York, Thurs., Sept. 4, 1913: Grand Gorge. Mrs. D. S. Booth is this week attending a reunion of the Leonard family at Triangle, Broome Co. From The Steuben Courier, Bath, New York, Fri., Aug. 14, 1914: Leonard Reunion. The 26th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, Aug. 26, 1914, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Smith, of Painted Post. All relatives are invited. From The Herald, Hammondsport, New York, Wed., Aug. 19, 1914: Leonard Reunion The twenty-sixth annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held on Wednesday, August 26, 1914, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Smith, Painted Post. All relatives are invited. Lydia A. Churchill, Sec'y. From The Cortland Democrat, Cortland, New York, Fri, Aug. 28, 1914: Dr. and Mrs. J. E. Leonard and their daughters Ella and Laura attended the Leonard family reunion which was held at Ross Park, Binghamton, last Thursday. From The Roxbury Times, Roxbury, Delaware, New York, Sat., Sept. 2, 1916: Leonard Family Reunion. On Wednesday the annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Reader in Montgomery Hollow. There were about sixty of the relatives gathered together from different parts of the State. A dinner was served by Mr. and Mrs. Reader, which was much appreciated by all in attendance. This reunion brings together each year many relatives that have a good visit and makes it a very enjoyable affair for all who are able to attend. (From the same page): Home and Vicinity News... Mr. and Mrs. Asa Leonard, Mrs. P. Leonard and Miss Nellie Leonard of Triangle, have been spending the past week with relatives in this place. From The Homer Republican, Homer, New York, Thurs., Aug. 23, 1917: Miss Laura Leonard was in Tioga Center last Thursday attending the Leonard family reunion. From The Steuben Farmer's Advocate, Bath, New York, Wed., Nov. 7, 1917, p. 8: Savona, Nov. 6 The twenty-ninth annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at Dundee at the residence of Mrs. Augusta Ellis. The illness of the secretary and of members of her family prevented an earlier report of the reunion. The day began with a storm, but cleared toward noon, so that in spite of the unpromising weather of the morning a company of fifty relatives and friends were present, coming from Buffalo, Rochester, Savona, Campbell, Pulteney, Starkey. Bradford and South Bradford. A most bountiful dinner was served to which the guests did ample justice. No regular program had been arranged, but Miss Brundage of Dundee, gave a humorous recitation which was greatly enjoyed. There have been no births or marriages and only one death that of William H. Sherman during the past year. The following officers were elected: President, John Beard; Vice-President, A. H. Moore; Secretary, Mrs. Anna B. Robbins and. Treasurer, Mrs. Susan Paddock. The next meeting will be with Mr. and Mrs. John Beard of Bradford. From The Steuben Farmer's Advocate, Bath, New York, Wed., Sept. 1, 1920: Bradford. The annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the home of Mr. Roy Owens on Wednesday last. From The Albany Evening Journal, Albany, New York, Wed., Aug. 29, 1923 Oneonta. The annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held in Neahwa park, this city, to-morrow. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Sat., Sept. 8, 1923: LEONARD REUNION ATTENDED BY 70 The annual reunion of the Leonard family was held Wednesday at the home of W. E. Smith on West Water street, Painted Post. About 70 members of the families and several friends attended. Henry Morse was elected president at the business meeting, with John Beard, vice president, and Benjamin Littell, secretary and treasurer. The invitation of Augustus Cummings of Coopers Plains was accepted for next year's reunion. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Sat., Aug. 14, 1925: (Republished in 1940) The 28th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Barnett Morse, 63 Gorton street, this city, Saturday, August 21. All relatives are cordially invited. From The Elmira Star-Gazette, Elmira, New York, Thurs., Sept. 2, 1926, p. 4: LEONARD REUNION. The ninth annual reunion of the Leonard Family will be held at the home of Mrs. Anna Roblyer of 320 Dewitt Avenue, Sept. 12. All relatives are invited to attend. From The Elmira Star-Gazette, Elmira, New York, Thurs., Aug. 2, 1928: LEONARD REUNION. The 11th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held Sunday at the home of C. J. Leonard at Corning, R. D. 4. Take glasses, silver, cups, sandwiches and one other article of food for the table. From The Cortland Democrat, Cortland, New York, Aug. 16, 1928: Harford Mills - Dr. and Mrs. J. E. Leonard attended the Leonard family reunion at Ideal park, Endicott, Saturday. From The Elmira Star-Gazette, Elmira, New York, Sat., Aug. 3, 1929: LEONARD FAMILY REUNION. The 12th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held Sunday, Aug. 11, at the home of Jerome Leonard, two miles north of Painted Post. Take silver, cups and sandwiches for family and one other article of food. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Thurs., Aug. 22, 1929: Leonard Family Holds Reunion. 75 Present at Annual Gathering of Relatives at Eldred Home at Curtis. The 41st annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Eldred at Curtis, about 75 were present. Dinner was served under the family tent. The officers elected for the coming year are: Henry Morse, president: Fred Balcom, vice-president; and Benjamin Little, secretary and treasurer. The next reunion will be held at the home of Benjamin Little at Bradford. Among those present were: Mr. and Mrs. Fred Balcom and son, Frederick, Mrs. Edward Smith. Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Smith. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Eygabroat and daughter, Shirley, Mr. and Mrs. Ray Dunham and daughter. Eleanor. Mr. and Mrs. Frank Drake and Roswell Morse of Painted Post. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Bennett and son. Luther and Mrs. Dana Smith of Elmira, Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Morse, Elwin Morse, Sr., Bobby Sr., Bobby Morse, Elwin, Jr., Mrs. Burt Morse and daughters, Marian, Alberta and Constance, Mrs. Susie Souls and daughters, Anna and Beatrice, Mrs. Guss Cummings, Mildred, Marian, Beulah, Belva and Marvin Cummings and Francis Enis of Corning, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Jones of Caton, Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester Smith of Coopers, Henry Shaver, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Little and son. Earl and Vivian Owens of Bradford. Mr. and Mrs. George Hollenbeck, of Prattsburg, Mr. and Mrs. George Turnbull and Miss Louise Carelton. Mr. and Mrs. Coral Smith and sons. Clyde and Marion and Henry Morse of Curtis. From The Elmira Star-Gazette, Elmira, New York, Tues., Aug. 5, 1930: LEONARD REUNION. The 13th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held Sunday, Aug, 10, at Hoffman Park. Take cups, silver and sandwiches for the family and one other article of food. From The Elmira Star-Gazette, Elmira, New York, Sat., Aug. 1, 1931 & Thurs., Aug. 6, 1931: LEONARD REUNION. The 14th annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held Sunday, Aug. 9, at Enfield Glen State Park, upper entrance. Take cups, silver, sandwiches and two lemons for family and one other article of food. Plates will be furnished. Dinner at 1 o'clock sharp. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Mon., Aug. 10, 1931: Plan Leonard Reunion. The forty-third annual reunion of the Leonard family will be held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank Eygabroat, 335 East High Street, Painted Post, Saturday. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Wed., Aug. 31, 1932: Leonard Family Holds Reunion. About 65 Members of Family and Friends Attend Annual Meeting at Campbell. The 44th annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Mosher, Campbell R. D. 1, August 20. About 65 friends and relatives were present. Guests attended from Bradford, Prattsburg, Corning, Big Flats, Painted Post, Coopers, Campbell, Buffalo and Rochester. After enjoying a picnic dinner, served under a tent on the front lawn the afternoon was spent in visiting and renewing acquaintances. The officers elected for the coming year were: president, Ray Dunham, Painted Post; vice-president, Frank Eygabroat, Painted Post: secretary and treasurer, Benjamin Littell. The next reunion will be held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Ray Dunham of Pine street in 1933. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Aug. 22, 1933: Leonard Family Holds Reunion - Elmira Man is Elected President and Painted Post Resident Vice-president. The 45th annual reunion of the Leonard family was held Saturday at the home of W. Ray Dunham In Painted Post. Officers were elected for the ensuing year with Thomas H. Bennett of the Elmira road, president: Cecil Eygabroat of Painted Post, vice-president; Benjamin S. Littell of Bradford, secretary and treasurer. Mrs. T. H. Bennett was named chairman of the table committee and Mrs. Lyle Husted of Bradford, chairman of the entertainment committee. The next reunion will be held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. T. H. Bennett on the Elmira road. Those who attended the reunion Saturday were: Elwin Morse, Mr. and Mrs. Gus Cummings, Mildred Cummings. Belva Cummings, Mr. and Mrs. B. W. Morse, Mr. and Mrs. Ed Jones, Mr. and Mrs. Burt Morse, Marion Morse, Alberta Morse. Constance Morse, Margaret Clark. Mrs. Susie Sorle, all of Corning: W. Ray Dunham, Clara M. Dunham, Eleanor Ann Dunham. Frank Eygabroat, Lillian Eygabroat. Harry Eygabroat, Pearl Eygabroat. Shirley Eygabroat. Mr. and Mrs. Fred Balcom, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Drake, Mr. and Mrs. C. J. Eygabroat, Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Smith, of Painted Post. Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy Owens, John Owens, Vivian Owens, Wilson Vine, Mr. and Mrs. Lyle Husted, Earl Littell, of Bradford; Evangeline Eldred, Mrs. Ray Knowles, Esther Knowles, Harold Knowles, Jannith Knowles. Gladys Knowles, William Knowles, of Campbell; Henry Shaver, Bath, Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester, Greta Smith, Coopers Plains; Lou Bergh, Mr. and Mrs. T. H. Bennett, Luthur Bennett of Elmira; Mr. and Mrs. George C. Draper, Esther Ann Draper, Junior Draper, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Rowe, Jack Rowe, Jr., Rochester; Mr. and Mrs. George F. Hildebrandt, Ilion. From The Elmira Star-Gazette, Elmira, New York, Thurs., July 20, 1933: LEONARD REUNION Watkins Glen-Fifty descendants of the William and Jane Leonard families held their annual reunion recently at the Tim Leonard Rod and Gun Club at Ondawa Lake, Pa. Guests were present from Syracuse, Big Flats, Elmira, Watkins Glen, Columbia Cross Roads, Big Pond, Wellsburg. The reunion next year will be held at the same place on the second Saturday in August. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Thurs., Aug. 23, 1934: The 17th Reunion held. The 17th annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at Lakeside Park, Watkins Glen, Friday. A large attendance was reported at the affair. It was decided to hold the 1935 reunion at the home of Earl Leonard of Hornby. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Tues., July 28, 1936: Bath Man President of Leonard Family. Large Attendance at Second Annual Reunion Sunday at Denison Park. The second annual reunion of the Leonard family was held in the large pavilion at Denison Park Sunday afternoon. The following officers were elected: president, George Leonard of Bath; vice-president, Eb Leonard of Scio; secretary and treasurer, Mrs. Fred Louy of Corning. The next reunion will be held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. George Leonard of 227 Washington avenue in Bath on the last Sunday in July, 1937. The following contributed to the program: Miss Audry Ashurst, two tap dances; Bernard Dailey, drum and Hawaiian guitars; Rita Dailey, two songs; Herbert and Bertha Leonard, accordion and mouth organ solos; Mrs. C. P. Dailey, mouth organ solo. The program was closed by the entire group singing "The Old Rugged Cross". The following were present: Mr. and Mrs. Chester VanDusen and children, Harold, Leonard, Vivian of Newark; M R. and Mrs. Floyd Leonard and son Donald of Cato; Mr. and Mrs. Eb Leonard and children, Bertha and Herbert, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Leonard and children, Herman, Charles, and Edward of Scio; Mr. and Mrs. George Leonard of Bath; Mrs. Ellen Bennett, George Linden and Philip Turner of Osceola, Pa.; Mrs. Dan Travis and children Herbert, Dan and Mary Ellen, Miss Alma Cole of Painted Post; Ernest Leonard of Montour Falls; Mrs. Mary Thomas, Mrs. T. P. Dailey and children, Bernard, Rita and Paul of Elmira; Mr. and Mrs. Fred Louy and children, Mildred and Joseph of Corning. From The Binghamton Press, Binghamton, New York, Sat., July 29, 1939: Leonard Reunion Descendants of Chauncey and Mary Ann Leonard will hold their reunion in En-Jole park, Endicott, Saturday, Aug. 12. Dinner will be served at noon. From The Binghamton Press, Binghamton, New York, Sat., Aug. 6, 1940: Leonard Reunion The 30th annual Leonard reunion will be held at En-Jole park, Endicott, Saturday, Aug. 10. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Mon. Aug. 19, 1940, p. 4: Looking Backward through files of the The Leader. 15 Years Ago . Wednesday, Aug. 19, 1925. At the 37th annual reunion of the Leonard family held in Big Flats, Henry Morse of Coopers Plains was named President. From The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Mon. Aug. 19, 1940, p. 7: Post Man Elected Leonard Clan Head The 52nd annual reunion of the Leonard family was held Saturday on the picnic grounds at Denison Park. Cecil Eygabroat of Painted Post was chosen president; Harry Eygabroat of Painted Post, vice president; and B. B. Littell of Bradford, secretary and treasurer. Mrs. Harry Eygabroat is chairman of the table committee. Next year the reunion will be held on the third Saturday in August at Denison Park. Present were: Lillian Eygabroat, Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Eygabroat, Joyce Eygabroat, Ida M. Balcom, Frederick Balcom, Mr. and Mrs. Ray Dunham, Eleanor Dunham, Mrs. Mary Jones, Mr. and Mrs. Reid Heliker, Myrna Heliker. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Eygabroat, Shirley Eygabroat, Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Drake of Painted Post; Patricia Lou Smith of Ithaca; Mar Beard, Sophie Lewis, Sarah Keefer. Lea Ray Owens, John Owens, James Bassett, B. S. Littell, Lola Littell of Bradford; Mrs. Bert Morse and daughter Constance of Rochester: Erva E. Hildebrandt of Ilion; Susan Soule of Dundee; Mr. and Mrs. Lyle Husted, Elwin Morse, Barnett W. Morse of Corning. The Afton Enterprise, Afton, New York, 1942: The Leonard reunion was held Sunday at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Smith of Maple Street. Guests were present from Brookvale, N. Y., Bainbridge and Binghamton. Mr. Smith's mother from Binghamton spent a couple of days at the Smith home. The Evening Leader, Corning, New York, Fri., Aug. 29, 1952: Looking Backward. 25 Years Ago . Monday, Aug. 29, 1927 The 39th annual reunion of the Leonard family was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Fred Balcom, 318 East High Street, Painted Post, recently. From The Evening Record, Amsterdam, New York, Thurs., Aug. 20, 1959: Mr. and Mrs. John Leonard attended the Leonard reunion. Sunday, at Maria Lake. ( Mariaville Lake ) About 45 persons were present. From The Review-Times, Oxford, New York, Aug. 18, 1966: It will be a busy day at the Matt Hibbard home Sunday. Aug. 21. Following church services the Leonard family reunion will be held at the Hibbard home. Later in the afternoon, from 4 to 6 a reception will be held to honor Mr. and Mrs. Asa Leonard's 50th wedding anniversary. All their friends and relatives are cordially invited to come and greet the happy couple. From The Stamford Mirror Recorder, Stamford, New York, Wed., Aug. 20, 1975: Mr. and Mrs. Burdette G. Long attended the Leonard family reunion at Whitney Point on Saturday. It was the 63rd reunion, and there were about 60 present from four states: Ohio, North Carolina, Florida, and New York state. Officers re-elected were Matthew Hibbard of Whitney Point as president and Miss Emma Best, Middleburgh, as secretary treasurer. Following is a summary of the unidentified reunions: New! Family Mapper Note: The reunions listed on this page were found by searching fultonhistory.com for the exact phrase "Leonard Family Reunion" and "Reunion of the Leonard Family". More results can be found by searching "Leonard Reunion". Click here for more about the Leonard family . #leonard #familyreunion

America’s 250th anniversary, also known as the Semiquincentennial, marks a major milestone in the nation’s history. Scheduled for 2026, this celebration will honor 250 years since the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The event promises a wide range of activities and commemorations across the country, highlighting the nation’s heritage, achievements, and future. Here’s a detailed look at the exciting events planned and how communities nationwide will come together to celebrate this historic occasion. Get ready to celebrate America's 250th Anniversary 2026 National Commemorative Events The federal government has planned several key events to mark the Semiquincentennial. These will take place in Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and other historically significant locations. Official Ceremony in Philadelphia Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, will host the main ceremony. This event will include speeches by national leaders, musical performances, and a reenactment of the signing. It will be open to the public and broadcast nationwide. Parade in Washington, D.C. A grand parade featuring military units, cultural groups, and historical reenactors will march down the National Mall. The parade will showcase the diversity and strength of the United States. National Fireworks Display On the evening of July 4, 2026, synchronized fireworks will light up the skies over major cities, including New York, Boston, and San Francisco, creating a spectacular nationwide celebration. Community and Local Celebrations Beyond the national events, local communities will organize their own festivities. These will reflect regional history and culture, making the Semiquincentennial a truly inclusive celebration. Historical Exhibits and Museums Museums across the country will launch special exhibits focusing on different aspects of American history, from the Revolutionary War to civil rights movements. Many will offer interactive experiences and educational programs for families and students. Cultural Festivals Cities and towns will host festivals featuring music, food, and art that celebrate the diverse cultures that have shaped America. These events will provide opportunities for local artists and performers to showcase their talents. Community Service Projects Many organizations plan to encourage volunteerism and community improvement projects as part of the anniversary. These efforts will emphasize the spirit of unity and civic responsibility. Educational Programs and Resources Education will play a central role in the Semiquincentennial celebrations. Schools, universities, and educational organizations will offer programs designed to engage learners of all ages. Curriculum Enhancements New teaching materials and lesson plans will be made available to educators, focusing on the nation’s founding principles and historical milestones. These resources aim to deepen students’ understanding of American history. Public Lectures and Panel Discussions Experts in history, politics, and culture will participate in talks and forums open to the public. These events will explore the significance of the 250th anniversary and discuss America’s future. Digital Archives and Virtual Tours Online platforms will provide access to historical documents, photographs, and virtual tours of important sites. This will allow people nationwide to engage with the celebration regardless of location. Special Projects and Artistic Commissions The Semiquincentennial will inspire a range of creative projects that highlight American identity and innovation. Public Art Installations Cities will commission artists to create murals, sculptures, and other public artworks that reflect themes of freedom, diversity, and progress. Documentary Films and Media Filmmakers will produce documentaries and special programs that tell stories from America’s past and present. These will be available on television and streaming platforms. Commemorative Merchandise Commemorative coins and stamps will be released to mark the occasion. These items will be collectible keepsakes for participants and history enthusiasts. How to Participate in the Semiquincentennial Everyone can join in the celebrations, whether by attending events, volunteering, or learning more about the nation’s history. Check local event listings for celebrations near you. Visit national parks and historic sites participating in the anniversary. Engage with educational programs offered by schools and libraries. Support community service initiatives connected to the Semiquincentennial. Share your own stories and family histories related to America’s journey. So, Happy Birthday, America! Whatever you decide to do for the 4th, have a safe and happy one! And if you have patriot ancestors and would like to use this semiquincentennial as an opportunity to honor and commemorate them for making it happen, get your personalized certificates here!

Recently I've been working on the Hollenbeck branch of my family tree, prompted by a cousin's inquiry. Presently, the earliest ancestor we have identified is John Hollenbeck, born about 1776 in Stone Arabia, Montgomery County, New York. With little to go on, I decided to take a look back at Stone Arabia, New York during the American Revolution, to see if we can find the Hollenbeck/Hallenbeck family woven into the local history and understand who they were and what life looked like around them in the 1770s. Stone Arabia: The Place and Its People Long before the Revolution, the lands along the Mohawk River where the present-day hamlet of Stone Arabia sits were part of the frontier of colonial New York. In the early 1700s the British Crown granted the Stone Arabia Patent (about 12,700 acres) to a group of German Palatine settlers in 1723, many of whom had first come to New York in 1712 as refugees from war and famine in the Rhineland. These families cleared forests, built homes, planted wheat and other crops, and established deeply rooted communities of Dutch Reformed and Lutheran faiths that blended German and Dutch cultures into a distinctive Mohawk Valley identity. Stone Arabia grew into a thriving agricultural district by the 1770s, dotted with farms, churches, mills, taverns, and small shops. Crops like wheat, potatoes, corn and flax fed local families and served markets much further afield. The valley’s wheat was prized throughout New York. Many settlers spoke a hybrid of German, Dutch, English and Indigenous languages sometimes affectionately called “ Mohawk Dutch .” Locals also formed militia companies as the Revolution approached. Committees of Safety and militia rosters show that many families - patriotic as well as loyalist - took sides or found themselves pulled into the conflict early. The Hallenbecks/Hollenbecks are an old Dutch-American family tracing back to early colonial times, with roots in Albany County from the mid-17th century onward and branches spreading outward across New York over the next century. The family name appears in variant spellings: Hallenbeck, Hollenbeck, Halenbeck, Hollenbeek, Holenbek, etc. This was common in colonial record keeping. The Hollenbecks weren't Palatine Dutch. They were Netherland Dutch, although they married into Palatine German families, as was common. Palatine Germans used names such as Johannes, Catharina, Heinrich and Annetje . By the Revolutionary era, branches of the family had become part of the fabric of frontier settlements like those around the Mohawk Valley, including Stone Arabia and nearby areas. Though detailed parish or census records connecting every Hallenbeck to Stone Arabia in the 1770s are sparse in online sources, family-history compilations and Revolutionary War service records strongly suggest that members of the Hallenbeck/Hollenbeck clan were present in the wider region and took active roles in local militia units defending their homes and the Patriot cause. The Hallenbecks, like many colonial families, likely owned farms worked by extended family networks and participated in community life centered on churches and markets. Life in Stone Arabia in the 1770s In the decade before 1780, everyday life in Stone Arabia was a blend of farming rhythms and rising tensions of war. Men of fighting age drilled with militia regiments. Farms produced wheat and animal stock that sustained not just households but continental forces. Churches and taverns, such as Adam Loucks’ tavern where locals drew up a set of pre-Revolutionary resolves in 1774, were civic centers as well as spiritual and social ones. Yet there was also deep complexity beneath these patterns of peaceful life. Not all neighbors saw the conflict the same way: families could be divided between loyalty to the British Crown and commitment to American independence. That division magnified the chaos when Loyalist leaders and Indigenous allies began launching raids deep into the Mohawk Valley from Canada and the Schoharie Valley - campaigns intended to disrupt food production and break the will of the Revolution. The 1780 Attack: Burning and Battle in Stone Arabia October 19, 1780, was a turning point for Stone Arabia. A Loyalist-led force under Lieutenant Colonel Sir John Johnson, composed of British regulars, Loyalist refugees and Native allies including forces under Captain Joseph Brant, marched up the valley with orders to destroy farms and supplies critical to the Patriot cause. British loyalists raiding Stone Arabia Local militiamen, including New York militia and Massachusetts levies under Colonel John Brown, rallied from Fort Paris (one of several fortified homesteads in the area) to intercept them. They met in a brief but fierce engagement roughly a mile from the settlement. Outnumbered and outmaneuvered, the militia was defeated. Colonel Brown was killed in the fighting. Johnson’s troops then followed through on their objective. They destroyed dozens of homes, barns and other buildings throughout Stone Arabia. They even burned the Dutch Reformed and Lutheran churches that stood at the heart of community life. The settlement was left in smoking ruins. Many families fled to forts for shelter and fought to save what they could of their lives and property. For families like the Hallenbecks, this raid would have been a moment of catastrophe with the loss of crops, barns, houses and possibly possessions sorely needed for survival through winter. But the residents did not abandon the region. Contemporary accounts record that even after almost complete destruction, they rebuilt farms and continued their pursuit of the American dream. In the years after the Revolution, Stone Arabia’s churches rose from the ashes, rebuilt in stone and wood as symbols of community resilience. The memory of 1780, the burning of homes and the sacrifice of militiamen and settlers, became part of local lore, preserved in cemetery markers and annual commemorations. Descendants of the original settlers, including families like the Hallenbecks, spread throughout upstate New York and beyond, carrying with them stories of frontier hardship, war service, and agricultural perseverance. The following interesting history is from " Forts and Firesides of the Mohawk Country, New York : Stories and Pictures of Landmarks of the Pre-Revolutionary War Period Throughout the Mohawk Valley and Surrounding Countryside, Including Some Historical and Genealogical Mention During the Post-War Period ", by John J. Vrooman, 1951: Though the settlement at Stone Arabia had its beginning about 1712, it wasn't until 1723 that a Patent was issued. It is interesting to note the names which appear on this document, many of them still frequently encountered in the Valley, while others, due to removal of the original settler, perhaps to Pennsylvania, where large numbers of Palatines were settling, have disappeared locally. The names of the grantees as given are: Casselman, Coppernoll, Dillenbeck * , Dygert, (Diegart), Emiger, Fox (Vocks), Fink (Feink), Erhart (Erchart), Ingland (Ingold), Garlock (Garlack), Lawyer, Nellis (Nelse), Piper (Pieper), Seeber (Siebert), Shawl (Scheel), Shaeffer. This Patent, known as the Stone Arabia Patent, and the one at German Flatts, known as the Burnetsfield Patent, were of great importance in that they were the first issued which make a direct distribution of land to individual settlers, in such amount as represented a reasonable and immediately usable acreage in contrast with the enormous acreage contained in some of the patents given to court favorites and politicians. The entire extent of the Stone Arabia Patent as issued to this group of twenty-seven settlers was but 12,700 acres, whereas the estate of Sir William Johnson at his death consisted of some 700,000 acres! This settlement was made in the virgin forest and the first and enormous task of the settlers was to clear enough land to put in subsistence crops. Yet busy as they were, raising enough to live on, they found time in 1729 to build a log church. This was on the site of the present frame building which is the Lutheran Church, and was part of the land of William Coppernoll of Schenectady, the only Hollander among this group of Palatines. The contract for the land was dated June 2nd, 1729, and conveyed fifty acres. In 1733 a new frame structure was begun but a controversy arose as to the name to be given it. This proved an insurmountable stumbling block, for the Lutherans withdrew and continued in the log edifice while the Reformed group went on with the new building. This would seem to indicate that William Coppernoll, who would have been of the Reformed group, must have been joined by other Hollanders in the ten years following the settlement. The tract of fifty acres originally conveyed for the church was equally divided between the two groups. The Reformed Church is the result of a European revival known as the "Reformation" and as the name implies affected the churches of Holland. The term "Reformed" indicates a belief in the symbolic presence of the Christ in the Communion in distinction to the belief of a physical presence as held by Luther and his followers. The term "Protestant," so long used, indicated a protest against the assumed authority of the Church of Rome and its interpretation of the Scriptures. The title "Reformed (Dutch) Church" was adopted in 1867. The seal of the Church is based on the seal of Prince William of Orange. In 1826 the pillars were added to the seal with superimposed stars to suggest an ecclesiastical and heavenly life. The motto above is in Latin, which translated means, "Without the Lord all is vain." The motto below, in Dutch means, "Union makes strength." The oldest record book of the Lutheran Church at Stone Arabia states the fact that the original Church here was organized by Domine Ehle in 1711, which of course is in error as the Domine did not come to America until 1722. But it is an error of a few years only, for it is known he did found the Church soon after his coming into the Valley, probably about the year 1725. At the time the settlement was made at Stone Arabia the road along the north shore of the river was opened only as far as Fonda, and it was not until 1726 that a move was made to extend it westward to the present Utica. A realization of this fact helps one to grasp the picture and to realize the difficulties encountered in making the settlement. The river was still the chief artery of commerce. The Reverend Johannes Schuyler is named as the minister in the earliest records of the Dutch Church, which are dated October 24th, 1743. The Reverend Schuyler is buried beneath the pulpit in the "Old Stone Fort" at Schoharie, which then was the Dutch Church. He was its pastor at the time of his death in 1779. His wife was Annatje Veeder of Schenectady, whom he married in 1743. Their sixth child, Philip, was the builder of the present stone building at Stone Arabia which he finished in 1788. He is said to have been five years in completing the work at a cost of $3,378, and at that time it was perhaps the finest church edifice west of Schenectady, the only possible exception being the Fort Herkimer Church. It was the Reverend Schuyler's sister Elizabeth who married Gose Van Alstyne of Canajoharie, whose house is still standing and has been previously described. Prior to the building of the stone edifice, both the Lutherans and Reformed groups had frame buildings at Stone Arabia and the "Battle of Stone Arabia" was an effort on the part of the settlers to protect their homes and these churches from destruction in a Tory raid of 1780. The local "post" was known as Fort Paris (after Isaac Paris, one of the early settlers) and was in charge of Colonel Brown of the militia. Word had been sent by General Van Rensselaer of the Colonial Army in pursuit of the raiders, who were under Sir John Johnson, that Colonel Brown should attack the enemy as soon as they appeared and that he, General Van Rensselaer, would attack from the rear. This was a logical and well laid plan as Sir John lay encamped the night before the battle between the two Colonial forces. Colonel Brown, faithful to his orders, left his fort and was only about a mile from it toward the enemy's location when he engaged them. General Van Rensselaer failed to follow the enemy and attack from the rear as agreed, with the result that Colonel Brown's force, much smaller than that of Sir John, was cut to pieces and the Colonel killed. The Indians, who were a part of the raiding force, scalped and stripped their victims and all retreated up the Valley en route toward Canada, after burning most of the houses and both churches. They were engaged the next afternoon by General Van Rensselaer at the "Battle of Klock's Field." The bodies of the slain at Stone Arabia were buried in a trench close by Fort Paris. The battlefield is identified by a large inscribed boulder. The body of Colonel Brown was removed later and placed in the churchyard of the present Dutch Church, and a fitting monument erected. In the church cemetery are the graves of many Revolutionary soldiers. The location of Fort Paris was a half mile southeast of the church, near the crossroads. Nothing remains of it today. There is a striking similarity between the churches of this period, such as this one, the one at Palatine, the Fort Herkimer Church, and the "Old Stone Fort" at Schoharie. These four buildings are outstanding, historically and architecturally, among the very few of this age remaining within the entire United States. Their appealing simplicity, the enduring strength of their massive stone walls and the quiet charm of their steeples is indicative of the life and character of their congregation for "By their works ye shall know them." Continue reading at Archive.org for more. I searched through the Records of the Reformed Dutch Church of Stone Arabia: in the town of Palatine, Montgomery County, N.Y. database on Ancestry.com but found no Hollenbeck, Hollenbach, Hallenbeck, Hollenbeek, or Hallonbach records. I also searched the Montgomery County Religious Records with no luck. *The Dillenbeck or Dillenbach name is said to have been a variation of the Hollenbeck name. There were some Dillenbach records. Names included Deterich Dillenbach, Andrew A. Dillenbach, Martinus Dillenbach, Henry Dillenbach, Andreas Dillenbach, Christina Dillenbach, Lena Dillenbach, Henry J. Dillenbach, Heinr. Dillenbach, Jacob Dillenbach, Johannes Dillenbach, Balthasr Dillenbach, Christian Dillenbach, Benjamin Dillenbach, and Daniel Dillenbach. (There were dozens of Dillenbeck households in Stone Arabia in 1868. See map here at historicmapworks.com .) Another great source for finding early records from Stone Arabia is in the Records of the Lutheran Trinity Church of Stone Arabia, available on FamilySearch (Film #008624986) . This valuable book contains the following: The list of early lots granted to the Paletines was: The book provided these two photos of the first two churches in Stone Arabia: (Feel free to download and share the church images on the condition that you do not remove the text .) The Palatine Stone Church, erected in 1770, still stands today. It escaped destruction during the 1780 raid, which destroyed The Trinity Church, now the Trinity Lutheran Church, down the road. It was rebuilt in 1792. The sign above the entrance reads: "Original location of first log church of the Palatines built 1729, burned by the Tories and Indians Oct. 19, 1780. Present Church erected 1792": If the map doesn't appear, click here to see it on GoogleMaps . Continue down the road to see the Palatine Stone Church . Much information about the churches is found here on p. xxi , from the same source. Seeing this record explains why in John Hollenbeck's family Bible, his birthplace appeared to be spelled "Stoneraub". Clearly they didn't know how to spell the name "Stone Arabia". Note also that if he was born in August 1776, it was only eight years after the above petition was dated. Other findings: The confirmation of Baltasar Halenbeck and Maria Halenbeck. [ Link ] Baltsar Halenbeck also found here . Hollenbeck Wills in Cortland County 1808-1937 ( FamilySearch ) Name # Death Date Date of Probate Will Book & Page Letters of Testamentary Book & Page John C. Holenbeck of Preble 9625 blank 1828 Sept 17 No. 4 p. 71 blank "Deceased Sept. 20th 1828"? Wife: Ruth, Two sons: Abraham (the eldest) and John, Only daughter: Mary Beaman; Grandson: John Henry Hollenbeck. Will written Feb. 19, 1826. Abraham Hollenbeck of Preble [ Wikitree ] 8676 1864 Apr 10 1865 July 12 F p. 403 C p. 230 May 16, 1864 George Hollenbeck and Frank Hiscock granted Letters Testamentary. Wife: Mary; Sons: Mattias Hollenbeck, John H. Hollenbeck, George Hollenbeck; Daughter: Henrietta Trowbridge(?) wife of Philetus Trowbridge, and Sally VanBuskirk . Grandchildren: Abraham VanBuskirk and Mary VanBuskirk . Burial in Tully, Onondaga, New York . (Findagrave memorial shows a son named John Hollenbeck (1808-1856) , but there may be some confusion because Abraham mentioned his son John in his will in 1864. John Hollenbeck of Preble [ Wikitree ] 8302 1870 June 18 1871 May 15 J p. 431-432 C p. 424 Sons: Casper, Garret and Abram Henry Hollenbeck. Dau: Mary (Mrs. Wm. Hoag). Burial in Preble . Born Feb. 3, 1791. Married Elizabeth Van Hoesen. Mathias Hollenbeck 7912 blank 1875 June 7 N p. 91 D p. 115F Keturah Hollenbeck named Executrix on May 3, 1875, after his death. Burial in Preble . Son of Abraham? Frederick Hollenbeck of Virgil 5148 1885 Oct 12 1885 Nov 28 O p. 521 F p. 25 Will dated Jan. 25, 1877; Wife: Mary Jane Hollenbeck; Executor: W.J. Hollenbeck; Children mentioned but not named. Keturah (Van Hoesen) Hollenbeck of Preble (1815-1897) 6565 1874 Feb 10 1899 May 7 V p. 457 G. p. 126 Widow of Matthias; To her sister, Catherine C. Hollenbeck(?) of Clinton, Rock County, Wisconsin, Brother: Robert Van Hoesen of Ellsworth, Noble County, Minnesota, Sister: Mrs. Angie Townsend of Clinton, Rock County, Wisconsin, Brother: Benjamin Van Hoesen of Preble, and others. Burial in Preble . William J. Hollenbeck of Cortland 4242 1901 Aug 31 1901 Sep 18 Y p. 317 G. p. 395 Son: Ray W. Hollenbeck of Cortland, Fred D. Hollenbeck of Cortland, Glen P. Hollenbeck of Cortland, Albert Hollenbeck 5479 1913 Apr 3 1913 May 1 7 p. 7 H p. 556 If you are a descendant of John Hollenbeck or other Hollenbecks/Hallenbecks in central New York, please consider adding your branches to Wikitree. His profile can be found here: Hollenbeck-563 . Click here to learn more about the Hollenbeck family! #hollenbeck #johnhollenbeck #cortland #willet #cincinnatus #stonearabia #montgomerycounty #newyork

Before 1700, two families of New Netherland bore the Dyckman name. Here we will discuss the relationship between the two. Family #1 - Johannes Dyckman , son of Joris (George) Dyckman of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Johannes came to Fort Orange (Albany) in 1651, as a clerk and commissary for the Dutch West India Company. He had two sons: Johannes Dyckman, Jr., and Cornelius Dyckman. Cornelius married Rachel Deveux, granddaughter of Daniel Tourneur via his daughter, Hester (or Esther) Tourneur . This is my ancestor. ​ Family #2 - Jan Dyckman , who arrived at Harlem about ten years later, in 1661. Jan married Magdalena, daughter of Daniel Tourneur , on June 15, 1673. Upon the nuptials, Tourneur gave the newlyweds two out garden plots and a farming plot on Montagne's Flat. The Dyckman Farmhouse, which still stands today on Broadway in Manhattan - the oldest house in Manhattan, built in 1764, belonged to his line. Was it the land given to Jan by Daniel Tourneur? Therefore, in summary, Rachel (Deveux) married Cornelius Dyckman in 1702. Her Aunt Magdalena had also married a Dyckman, but the two branches are unrelated as far as we know. The first name of both Jan and Johannes , are forms of the English name John. Therefore, it's safe to assume Johannes and Jan weren't brothers. By the end of the seventeenth century both families had Dyckman baptisms and marriages in the Reformed Dutch Church of New York and into the 1800s, both families were found in Harlem, causing some confusion among genealogists. A book by H. Romer and Helen Hartman in 1891, called "Jan Dyckman of Harlem and his descendants", provides important information necessary to distinguish between the two branches, and much information about Jan's line. Jan's branch is described as the Kingsbridge Dykemans and Johannes' branch is referred to as the Albany family or the Bloomingdale Dyckmans because Cornelis of Harlem made his home at Bloomingdale - collectively the Joris (George) Dykeman group. The book can be "borrowed" (free) on Archive.org , providing it is available. (You may have to join the waiting list to access it). Visit the farmhouse's website at dyckmanfarmhouse.org . Virtually visit the Dyckman Farmhouse on Google Maps: Jan Dyckman of Harlem and his descendants, by H. Romer and Helen Hartman, 1981. Viele Records, 1613-1913, being a revised and enlarged edition of the Viele Genealogy published in 1909, under the title "Two hundred and fifty years with a Dutch family of New York", by K. K. Viele, 1913. Dykeman House photo from D.A.R. Magazine #Dykeman #JohannesDyckman #DanielTourneur #Harlem #Manhattan #NewYorkCity #DutchSettlers

This week I was organizing some boxes in the basement when I came across my grandparents' wedding album. I had seen photos of their wedding day many times, but I hadn't seen the album in years and since I've been longing to find a picture of my great-grandmother, Mary (Harvey) Reese Gaul when she was young, I thought I'd check to see if there were any photos of her in there. I assumed I had seen all these pictures before and it was a long shot, so imagine my surprise when I came across this treasure! This photo was taken on Sept. 6, 1952, in Carthage, New York. It shows my grandparents with their parents! Three sets of my ancestors in one picture! That's a huge payday for a family history lover like myself! It's customary today to take this photo of the bride and groom with their parents, but in my experience, it's rare to find in old family photos. I was so happy to see this, I've already matted, framed and hung it on my wall! Of course I wanted to see this in color, so I had it colorized and this is the result! William H. Dickinson & Mary (Decker) Dickinson, Margaret (Dickinson) Reese & Lloyd N. Reese, Mary (Harvey) Reese Gaul & John L. Reese (Sept. 6, 1952 in Carthage, New York) Amazing! Seeing them all was bittersweet - both heartwarming and heartbreaking, since they're all gone now, but I was super excited to see this close-up of my great-grandmother, who I only knew in old age and had never seen any photos of her so young. Mary Esther (Harvey) Reese Gaul (1910-1988) at the age of 42 in 1952 Mary Esther Harvey was born March 16, 1910, in Newark Valley, Tioga, New York. She was a daughter of Newman Harvey and Gertrude Shirley. A video containing footage of Newman Harvey in the late 1950s can be found on YouTube . Her ancestors came to America during the Great Puritan Migration and she was a devoted Christian and traditional mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother. She married first to Lloyd John "Johnny" Reese, on April 18, 1930, in Ithaca, Tompkins, New York. He is standing by her side in the photo above. She married second to William Gaul, before 1960 and she died Sept. 22, 1988, in Cortland, New York. She was beloved by many, including myself, as they all were. May they rest in peace. At least 8 of Mary's great-great grandfathers fought in the American Revolution, including Benjamin Stanton , Job Shirley , Datus Ensign, Datus Ensign Jr, Nathan Wood, Samuel Wood, Ezra Rood, Nathaniel Hall, and probably others who we have not identified yet. She was a real Daughter of the American Revolution, although it doesn't appear she ever applied for membership. If you're related to Mary, connect your branches or check your relationship from here Wikitree profile . You can learn more about the Harvey family here , the Reese family here , the Dickinson family here , and the Decker family here .

Image created with Family Portrait Maker Benjamin Stanton was 22 years old when he joined the patriot cause. He saw a lot of action during the American Revolution. He submitted his pension request for his service in the American Revolution. The record states that he lived in Sempronius, Cayuga County, but I believe the family actually lived in what is now called Moravia. Moravia was formed from part of Sempronius in 1833, although it was first settled in 1789. John D. Rockefeller grew up in Moravia. Benjamin and his wife Sarah are both buried in the Quaker Church Cemetery in Moravia. His personal account of his service is given here: (Transcription below) Along with his pension request, Cornelius D. Dewitt of Sempronius, age 72, testifies that he was well acquainted with Benjamin Stanton of Sempronius during the Revolutionary War. They were both in the same company from June to November of 1776, and they served together again from April to August of 1777 in Capt. Johannes Hardenburgh's company in Col. Levi Pawling's Regiment for four months, most of which they were stationed at Fort Clinton on the Hudson River. They entered to serve again on August 10, 1777, in the company of Capt. Benjamin Kortright in Col. Graham's Regiment, "and marched with said company to Albany and from thence to Saratoga and was at Saratoga at the time of the capture of Burgoyne , that he continued in said service for a term of three months". Benjamin enlisted yet again in the spring of 1778 and served nine months in Captain Lounsbery's Company, Colonel Philip Van Cortlandt's New York Regiment. Dewitt says they both resided in the County of Ulster until 1779 when Stanton left the county. Transcription of two pages at top, Benjamin's personal account of his experience in the Revolution: State of New York, Cayuga County, On the 18th day of September, 1832, personally appeared in open Court, before the Court of the Common Pleas in and for the County of Cayuga and state of New York, now setting, Benjamin Stanton, a resident of Sempronius in the County of Cayuga, and State of New York, aged 70 years, who being duly sworn, according to law, doth on his oath make the following declaration, in order to obtain the benefit of the act of Congress, passed June 7th, 1832. That he entered the service under the following named officers, and served as herein stated - "That on the first of June, A.D. 1776, at the town of Rochester in the County of Ulster in the State of New York he entered the service of the United States in the Company of Militia commanded by Captain John Hosbrook in Col. Hardenburgh's Regiment, that he marched with said company to New York where he was stationed until said place was evacuated by the American Troops, from New York to Kings Bridge, from thence to the White Plains where he was discharged, as he believes that his term of service was five months. He further declares that about the month of January or February A.D. 1777 he again entered said service at Rochester aforesaid in the Company of Captain Benjamin Cortright in the Regiment commanded by Maj. Cantine as he believes that he marched with said company to the State of New Jersey, to Hackensack and other places, that he continued in said service for a term of two months. He further declares that he again entered said service in the month of April 1777, at Rochester aforesaid in the Company of Militia commanded by Captain Thomas Hardenburgh in Col. Levi Pawling's Regiment for a term of four months, that he marched with said company to Fort Clinton in the Hudson River, where he was stationed during said term that he served, the whole of said term of four months, he further declares that about the tenth of August A.D. 1777 he again entered said service in the company commanded by Capt. Benjamin Cortright in Col. Graham's Regiment for a term of three months, that he marched with said company to Albany, from thence to Van Schaicks Island where he joined the United States Army under Gen. Horatio Gates, from thence to Stillwater, and was stationed at Bemis Heights at the time of the Capture of Gen. Burgoyne, that he continued to serve for a term of three months. He further declares that in the Spring of the year 1778 he enlisted at Rochester aforesaid into the Company of State Troops- Continental troops commanded by Captain Lounsbury in Col. Philip Cortland's Regiment, for a term of nine months, that he joined said Regiment at Valley Forge , and marched from there to Stony Point , thence to White Plains , that his winter quarters were at Rochester aforesaid, where he was discharged at the expiration of said term of nine months, that he received a regular discharge from said nine months service, but has lost the same. He further declares that after the close of said last mentioned service he removed to the County of Dutchess, that while there before the close of the war, he was in said service for about six months or more, that he was out in three terms, that the names of his officers he does not remember, and that he has no proof of said last mentioned services. He hereby relinquishes every claim to an annuity or pension except the present and declares that his name is not on the pension roll of any State or Territory." (Signed) Asahel Fitch, Judge, and Benjamin Stanton. ----------------------- A letter on file in the Revolutionary War archives, dated February 23, 1927, addressed to Mrs. Paul Knight of Crown Point, Indiana, states the following: "I have to advise you that from the papers in the Revolutionary War pension claim 1506 it appears that Benjamin Stanton while a resident of Ulster County, New York enlisted at Rochester in said county June 1, 1776 and served five months in Captain John Hasbrouck's Company, Colonel Hardenbergh's New York Regiment. He enlisted about February 1, 1777 and served two months in Captain Benjamin Kortright's Company under Major John Cantine in the New York Troops. He enlisted in April 1777 and served four months in Captain Johannes Hardenbergh's Company, Colonel Levi Pawling's New York Regiment. He enlisted August 10, 1777, served three months in Benjamin Kortright's Company, Colonel Graham's New York Regiment, and was at the capture of Burgoyne. He enlisted in Spring of 1778 and served nine months in Captain Lounsbery's Company, Colonel Philip Van Cortlandt's New York Regiment. In 1779 he moved to Dutchess County, New York and served three tours amounting to six months or more, a part of which was under Captain Thomas McKinstry and Colonel Livingston in the New York Troops. He was allowed pension on his application executed September 18, 1832 while a resident of Sempronius, Cayuga County, New York, aged seventy-six years. He died May 10, 1838. Soldier married June 29, 1787/97 in Bristol, Schoharie County, New York, Sarah, whose maiden name is not given. She was his second wife, name of first wife not stated. Soldier's widow Sarah was allowed pension on her application executed November 14, 1848, while a resident of Moravia, Cayuga County, New York, aged seventy-nine years. The following are the names of soldiers children by his first wife: Abigail, born March 26, 1784, John, born September 12, 1785, Polly, born June 7, 1787, Nathaniel, born February 16, 1789, Elizabeth, born September 1, 1791, twins Joseph and Hannah born June 29, 1793, and Martha, born July 17, 1795. Children of the soldier and his wife Sarah: Parthania born June 27, 1798, Rufus, born March 7, 1800, Benjamin, born January 21, 1802, and Nathaniel, born April 17, 1807. The history herewith furnished you is that of the only soldier by that name found in the Revolutionary War Records of this Bureau. Respectfully, Winfield Scott, Commissioner." Are you a a descendant of Benjamin Stanton? Connect your branch on Wikitree: https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Stanton-1934 See more: Places to find military records like this 20,000+ free genealogy resources More of my military ancestors More about this branch of my family tree My index of ancestors #military #veteran #pension #benjaminstanton #stanton #harvey #americanrevolution #revolutionarywar

My connection to the Chevalier family is through my 3rd great-grandmother, Lucy Ann Shevalier. She married Nicholas Hollenbeck, and their granddaughter, Rose Hollenbeck, was my great-grandmother. She married Albert Leonard, my great-grandfather. Grandma Lucy's lineage is as follows: Lucy Ann Shevalier (1828-1905), born in Marathon, New York, died in Willet, daughter of Peter Shevalier/Chevalier (1794-1850), born in New York, died in Marathon, New York, son of Jeremiah Shevalier/Chevalier (1765-1824), born in Amenia, New York, died in Virgil, New York, son of Peter Shevalier/Chevalier (1735-1808), born in Connecticut, died in New York, son of Elias Shevalier/Chevalier (1712-1808), born in St. Hélier, Jersey, died in New York, son of Pierre Chevalier (bef. 1686-1728), born in St. Hélier, Jersey, died in New York I always love discovering the native countries of my ancestors, to learn more about the places they lived and why they left, if possible. Naturally, after learning that Lucy's great-great-grandfather came from St. Hélier, Jersey, I had to do some research. The first evidence for the existence of a settlement in St. Helier is in the Assize Roll of 1229. However, the parish church, the Town Church, is known to contain features that date to at least the 11th century. St Helier's growth has been marked by waves aligning with waves of migration to the island. The earliest such period of growth for the town seems to be between the Reformation and the Civil War as many French Protestants sought refuge in Jersey, Jersey being a Francophone Protestant state, especially following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. (Wikipedia) Why my Chevalier ancestors left Jersey may never be known, but historians say that towards the end of the 17th century, many islanders emigrated to New England and north east Canada. ( Source ). In Jersey's archives, the journal of Jean Chevalier provides a detailed account of life in Jersey in the mid 1600s. I published another blog in which I translated the text from French to English. Click here . While taking a virtual tour of Saint Helier, I noticed a road - Chevalier Road! Tap or click the white arrows to have a look around: If you're related to the Chevalier/Shevalier family, connect your branches on Wikitree ! #Shevalier #Chevalier #Jersey #SaintHelier

One thing I learned during my research is that “times really have changed”. The old cliché has a more literal meaning than many people realize. The calendar as we know it has a very interesting past. Why is this important? In old town records, church records, tombstones, epitaphs and written genealogies, dates were sometimes written as “1st month”, “2nd month”, etc., as opposed to writing out the name of the month. It seems reasonable to assume that when a record says “on ye 12th day of ye 7th month in the year of our Lord 1743” it is referring to July 12, 1743, however, this assumption would be incorrect. Today we consider the first month to be January, however, this was not always the case. In ancient times, the new year was marked by the Equinox which was observed, twice a year when for just a moment, the center of the sun is aligned in the same plane as our equator. Today this occurs between the 20th and 21st day of March and again on the 22nd and 23rd day of September. So, according to the equinox the first month was actually March. The Julian calendar was made in 45 B.C., under the reign of Julius Caesar, the Equinox was fixed to the 25th of March, though it was later changed to the 21st of March. It was determined that the Vernal Equinox occurred every 365.25 days (365 days + 6 hours) at that time and the calendar year was divided into months, which Caesar named, mostly after pagan deities and Latin words. In order account for the extra six hours per year not included in the 365 day calendar, the wisest scholars and mathematicians of the day came to the logical conclusion that adding one day to the calendar every four years would compensate for the 24 hours difference accumulated over a period of four years. Thus, to this day we add one day to February every 4th year, known as the “Leap Year”. As a point of interest, to determine which years are leap years the following simple mathematical rule applies: The year must be exactly divisible by 4, however it is never exactly divisible by 100, except in the case it is equally divisible by 400. For example: We can determine that 2000 was a leap year because it is divisible by both 4 and 400 equally (2000 ÷ 4 = 500 and 2000 ÷ 400 = 5). We can also see that 2011 is not a leap year because it is not divisible by 4 equally (2011 ÷ 4 = 502.75). We can see that 2012 is a leap year because it is divisible by 4 equally (2012 ÷ 4 = 53). The calendar seemed to be in sync with the seasons for a time but after 125 years, the Equinox happened a day earlier than expected and it gradually appeared earlier in the month than the day specified on the calendar, revealing that the annual cycle was actually almost eleven minutes shorter than they had originally measured. Today the Vernal Equinox occurs once every 365.2425 days (365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, and 12 seconds). After 325 years went by, the Julian calendar’s date for the Equinox was about two and a half days after it had already passed. By 1582 the Equinox was falling on the 11th day of March, ten days earlier than the calendar stated. So that year, under Pope Gregory XIII, ten days on the calendar were “skipped” after the 4th day of October in order to realign the calendar with the Equinox. The following day which would have been the 5th of October, was declared the 15th instead. This temporarily restored March 21st as the date of the Vernal Equinox. Roman Catholic countries immediately adopted the new Gregorian calendar, while Protestant countries were hesitant. Some Christians were hesitant to sway from their belief that Easter was during the Festival of Unleavened Bread, a Jewish feast. Later, the Protestant Christians, too, would conform to the Gregorian calendar (also called the Western calendar, or Christian calendar). England changed from the Julian calendar, also referred to as the “Old Style” (or O.S. for short) on the 2nd day of September 1752, skipping eleven days following that date so that the “New Style” began the following day, which was called the 14th of September instead of the 3rd. Furthermore, the last three months of 1751, January, February and March were removed from that year and became the first quarter of 1752. Double-dates were used for those three months to differentiate. For any events that happened during those three months, the year was written “1751-52” or “1751/52”. Therefore, until 1752, the seventh month was actually September, which can be seen by researching the etymology of the word “September”. So when we see “on ye 12th day of ye 7th month 1643” we now know it refers to September 12, 1643. Keep this in mind for dates written in this format prior to 1752. Unfortunately, over the years, this important fact sometimes causes transcription errors. If you are using this as a resource for clues and are looking for a person said to have been born in a particular month before 1752, but cannot find a match in other records, try looking for one born two months after (or even before) the presumed month, as transcriptions may contain this common error. This is something genealogists should be aware of. Knowing about Old Style dates is important when researching colonial ancestors. For example, recently I was adding a child of John Leonard to Wikitree. He was born Sept, 1679. When I saved it, Wikitree gave me an error, saying two brothers couldn't have been born within less than 9 months of each other. On his profile, I saw his parents had a son named Joseph, born in January, 1680. Impossible! How can two children be born within four months of each other? I checked the town archives for the original copy to confirm the dates and parents of these boys and I felt the anxiety rush over me, thinking of what a nightmare it would be to identify and sort this family if there was another couple with the same names in the same town at the same time. Then I remembered Old Style dates and it all made sense. This illustration should explain it better than I can! #myblog #history #calendar #dates

The brick wall in my ancestry is my 2nd great-grandfather, Charles Russell Leonard. He was reportedly born in Union Springs, New York, in 1830, but finding evidence of this has evaded us. Learning about the places our ancestors lived can prove helpful, though, providing valuable clues about early settlers, churches, industries, and people. This article I found in Yesteryears, Volume 26, was written by Temple R. Hollcroft (1889-1967), former Historian of Cayuga County. It gives us a rare glimpse into life in the early days of Union Springs. Aside from the names of the early settlers, other clues that may prove useful in researching ancestors from Union Springs are highlighted for emphasis. You can read the transcript below, or listen here on YouTube with illustrations: A BRIEF HISTORY OF UNION SPRINGS By Temple R. Hollcroft (1889-1967) Former Historian of Cayuga County, N. Y. Yesteryears, Volume 26 #3 As the name implies, Cayuga County was originally the home of the Cayuga Indian Nation, one of the six nations in the League of the Iroquois. According to Indian tradition, this league had been organized about 1500 by Hiawatha, an Indian "superman" of the Onondaga Nation. It first contained the five nations, Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca, and in 1713 a kindred nation, the Tuscarora, was added. The Iroquois were steadfast allies of the British against the French in the wars preceding the Revolution, and during the Revolution, with the exception of some of the Oneidas, they fought on the side of the British. In the autumn of 1779, to put an end to the raids on the white settlements by the Indians, General Washington sent General John Sullivan to crush the Cayuga and Seneca nations and lay waste their territory. The principal Cayuga village, Goioguen, called Cayuga Castle, was just north of Great Gully. Its site is now in the southern part of Springport. This village and all others were destroyed with all of the crops ready for harvesting or already stored for the winter. The soldiers even chopped down most of the fruit trees. The Indians of this area all fled to near Buffalo where the British supported them during the following winter. Union Springs, Cayuga Co., New York Very few of the Cayugas returned after the Revolution. In 1788 the State of New York purchased all of the Cayuga Nation's territory except an area called the Cayuga Reservation along the foot of Lake Cayuga and Seneca River, extending four miles back from the lake on both sides and from Aurora to Montezuma. The southern boundary of the Cayuga Reservation is the road from Aurora to Sherwood. The eastern boundary of this reservation is now the eastern boundary of the Town of Springport. In 1788, John Harris came to Cayuga and started a ferry across the foot of the lake. On the map of the Cayuga Reservation, the road which is now Route 90, went only to Cayuga where it connected with the Genesee Road on the east and Cayuga Ferry on the west. In 1800 the first Cayuga Bridge was completed. More than a mile long, it was at that time the longest bridge in the world. In 1788, Roswell Franklin and his party surveyed lands now in the northern part of Aurora and moved there with their families in March, 1789, to form the first settlement in Cayuga County. On March 5, 1794, Onondaga County was organized. It originally contained all of the Military Tract, an area of more than two million acres set aside by the State Legislature to be given the soldiers of the Revolution as a reward for their services. The original Onondaga County contained all of the four counties, Cayuga, Cortland, Onondaga and Seneca, and parts of the four, Oswego, Schuyler, Tompkins and Wayne. The first county seat of Onondaga County was Aurora (or Scipio as the village was called until 1795). The courts were held alternately at Cayuga Bridge and Aurora until 1804 after which all were held at Aurora. On March 8, 1799, Cayuga County was formed from the western three fifths of Onondaga County, with Aurora its first county seat. The original Cayuga County contained almost exactly the ancestral lands of the Cayuga Indian Nation - all of the present Cayuga and Seneca counties and parts f Tompkins, Schuyler, and Wayne. In 1804, Seneca County was taken off and in 1817, Tompkins County. As you know, Cayuga County now contains 23 towns outside of Auburn. The boundary of the present Cayuga County contains only two of the eleven original towns of the Military Tract and part of another, that is Aurelius, Scipio and the north half of Milton. From Aurelius has been formed the towns: Sterling, Victory, Ira, Conquest, Cato, Montezuma, Mentz, Auburn, Brutus, Throop, Sennett, Aurelius, Owasco, Fleming, and the north two thirds of Springport. From Scipio: Scipio, Ledyard, Venice, Niles, Moravia, Sempronius, and the south one third of Springport. From Milton: Genoa, Locke, Summerhill. Springport is the only town of Cayuga County formed from portions of two of the original towns. The village of Union Springs also lies in both of these two original towns, and also about twice as much in Aurelius as in Scipio. The first settlements at Union Springs were on Lot 98 of the Cayuga Reservation, the lot of Aurelius farthest south that is on the lake. The village has since spread north into lots 97 and 92 of Aurelius and south into lot 103 of the Reservation end of Scipio. Springport is also the only town of Cayuga County formed entirely from lands of the Cayuga Reservation. Union Springs, as you well know, was named for the two large springs in the village. Attracted by these springs as a source of water power, there were attempts to settle this vicinity in 1789, but, on complaint of the Indians, the settlers were ejected by the state authorities. However, Edward Richardson came about 1790-91, dammed the north spring and built a small grist mill run by water power. Frederick Gearhart, a blacksmith, came about 1790 and settled on lot 109 east of Union Springs. Thomas Thompson also came in October, 1790, with four sons and five daughters and settled just south of the village. There is no adequate explanation of why the Indians allowed these settlers to remain on their reservation while they had the settlers dispossessed who had come only a year earlier. In 1795, the Indians sold all of the Cayuga Reservation to the State except the Cayuga Residence Reservation extended about two miles back from the lake and from lot 103 south to Great Gully. It included the site of Cayuga Castle. The lots in it contain only about 1/4 square mile while most lots in the other parts of the Cayuga Reservation as in the Military Tract average one square mile each. In 1791 there were about 600 Indians living on the Cayuga Reservation. When it was sold to the State in 1795, most of the Indians moved to reservations near Buffalo except those living on the Residence Reservation. The Residence Reservation contained the point of land then called "Long Point", now Farley's Point. The last Indians who lived near here had their homes on Farley's Point. This was a band of about 30 Tuscaroras whose chief had the Indian name, Kanistagia, which in English means, Steel Trap. After Steel Trap died about 1800, they moved to near Buffalo. In 1794, James Crane came from New Jersey on foot and began farming about two miles N.E. of Union Springs. For ten years, he tended his farm during the spring, summer and fall, walking back to New Jersey to spend the winter, and walking to his farm again the next spring. Finally, in 1804, he brought his family by oxteam, the trip requiring 17 days. Jesse Davis came in 1799 from Pennsylvania and built a log mill with one run of stone on Yawger's Creek. One of his mill wrights was George McFarland who married a daughter of Thomas Thompson. In 1800 James Carr came from Johnston, Pa., and settled about 1-1/2 miles south of the village where his descendants now live. His son, Hartman Carr, was one year old when he came here with his father. Also about 1800, Dr. John Mosher came from Washington Co., John Earl from Newport, R.I., James Barker from Rensselaer Co. and Gilbert Weed from Saratoga Co. John Earl was a brother-in-law of Wm. S. Burling, a Quaker minister who lived at the corner of Cayuga and Chapel Sts. Barker, Burling and Earl owned both springs for a time. Later Burling and Earl retained the north spring and mill and Barker used the south spring to run a fulling mill. In 1816 he sold the fulling mill to Philip Winegar who had come from Dutchess Co. the year before on foot. Winegar soon added a grist mill and a saw mill at the south spring. John Nutt came from Vermont about 1800 and settled about two miles east of the village. Philip Yawger came from New Jersey in 1801 with six sons and four daughters. One son, Peter Yawger, was a number of the Assembly in 1827 and 1831, and an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1840. He built the Yawger Tavern about three miles north of the village. In 1809 the first plaster bed was discovered on Philip Yawger's farm. This was gypsum or calcium sulphate from which Plaster of Paris is made. This had been imported heretofore from Nova Scotia, but when that supply was cut off during the War of 1812 the "Cayuga Plaster", as it was called, came into extensive use and provided a profitable industry for many years. Humphrey Hunt came from Orange Co. in 1805 and settled one mile south of Union Springs. He was in Sullivan's army in 1779 and was with the troops that destroyed the Cayuga Villages on the east side of Lake Cayuga. Ichabod Clark, Amos Howland, Thomas Collins, William Cozzens, William Taver and Elam Anthony all came before 1815. The first merchant in Union Springs was Laban Hoskins from Genoa who opened a store in 1810. Dr. John Mosher, William Cozzens and Asa Burnham were partners in a store beginning in 1815. Philip Winegar and a son Eseck Winegar opened a store in 1822. Daniel Mersereau from Staten Island began a general merchandise store in 1830 which was continued for many years by his descendants. George H. Ham had a general store at Hamburg, a small hamlet named for him near the limestone quarries about three fourths mile south of Union Springs. He moved his store to Union Springs in 1836, hut failed after a few years. It is not possible to give a complete account of the business houses and business men of Union Springs in a brief talk. A Post Office was established in Union Springs in 1811. Dr. John Mosher was the first postmaster and continued in that office for 30 years. He was also the first physician in the village. He practiced from 1800 until his nephew, Dr. Stephen Mosher came in 1817. When the town of Springport was formed from Aurelius and Scipio in 1823 , the citizens held a town meeting at the Inn of John Yawger, April 1, 1823, and elected the first town officers. The first town supervisor was William Cozzens and the first town Clerk, Wm. G. Harkness. The village of Union Springs was incorporated Nov. 8, 1848, and originally contained 1086.85 acres. In 1877 the western boundary of the village was extended to the middle of Lake Cayuga. (It is not recorded how many under-water acres that added.) The first village officers elected January 16, 1849 were: Eseck M. Winegar, President; John C. Yawger, Treasurer and John Griffing, Clerk. Frontenac Island is well within the western boundary of Union Springs. It evidently was an Indian burial ground. The island was deeded to the Village of Union Springs in April, 1856, by the New York State Legislature, to be used as a park. It was cleared of underbrush and walks and seats added, but these have not been kept in repair. This island is of particular interest because it is the only one in any of the Finger Lakes. Apparently Union Springs was a peaceful place, legally, for quite a while after it was founded. No lawyer lived here until 1845. The first one was Caleb Winegar who practiced here from 1845 to 1870. Union Springs is noted for the large number of newspapers and periodicals published here. Beginning with "The Cayuga Tocsin" established December 25, 1811, by Royall T. Chamberlain, there were thirteen published in Union Springs at various times up to June 14, 1866, when the 14th "The Union Springs Advertiser", was started by James B. Hoff. This weekly continued until a few years ago. There were several steamboats on Lake Cayuga carrying both passengers and freight, from the Enterprise in 1818 to the Frontenac which burned near Dill's Cove in July, 1907. There were ferries across the lake at various points, but Union Springs had the only steam ferry boat, the small steamer, R.B. Howland. Canal boats also carried freight to and from New York City and points along the Erie Canal via the Cayuga and Seneca Canal connecting Lake Cayuga with the Erie Canal at Montezuma. The Cayuga Lake Railroad along the eastern shore of Lake Cayuga from Ithaca to Cayuga was completed in 1872. One of its chief promoters and a director was J.J. Thomas. The railroad proved to be a losing proposition, however, and in the latter seventies it was sold to the Lehigh Valley Railroad. The passenger service was discontinued in 1947 and the present branch through Union Springs runs only form Auburn to Aurora. One of the most important early factories was the Cayuga Plaster Co. In 1875 this factory gave employment to more than fifty men in the quarries and mills, for about two thirds of each year. This factory produced from 30,000 to 40,000 tons of plaster annually. The Cayuga Plaster Co. was owned in 1875 by Clinton T. Backus, James Fitch, R.B. Howland, B. Robinson and R.B. Robinson. A branch of the First National Bank of Aurora is to be opened here at Union Springs in the near future. The First National Bank of Union Springs, however, was organized February 4, 1864, exactly one month before the First National Bank of Aurora was organized. The bank opened for business in April of that year. The bank building was the business building farthest north on Cayuga Street. The first officers were: John C. Yawger, President; Albert Beardsley, Vice-President and Benjamin Howland, Cashier. The original capital was $50,000, increased to $100,000 on January 16, 1865. The old stone mill, 65 by 84 feet, with four stories and a basement, was built in 1840 by George Howland of New Bedford, Mass., the father of R.B. Howland. Originally a grist mill, it had five runs of stone. The mill was run by water power for about eight months of the year and during the winter by a 50-horse power steam engine. To build and furnish the mill cost $40,000, a large sum in those days. Union Springs also had an Agricultural Works in 1875 owned by J.O. Spencer. In 1878 he built ten threshing machines and 25 steam engines. There was also the New York Central Planing Mill owned and operated by the Courtney Brothers. Union Springs has also been noted for its schools and the excellent consolidated school you have now is a worthy successor. The Friends' Academy was founded in 1858 and a brick building 135' long with three stories and a basement to accommodate 100 students was erected at a cost of $20,000 raised by subscription. It has incorporated by the State Regents in 1860. Several additions were made to the building. In 1875 the name was changed to Oakwood Seminary. The lecturer in natural sciences at that time was J.J. Thomas, a son of the well known pioneer scientist, David Thomas. The Howland School was first begun in 1863 as The Young Ladies' Institute by R.B. Howland, who bought the Philip Winegar homestead for $6000 and built some additions. When George Howland, R.B. Howland's father died, he bequested the sum of $50,000 for the "thorough, moral, intellectual and religious training of young females." The trustees of this fund took over the Institute and re-established it as the Howland School. About 1872 a 4-story brick addition was built. The Howland School offered a full collegiate course in the classics, mathematics and the languages. It attained a high degree of excellence, but as a description of it at that time stated, "It languishes for want of support." In 1875 there were seven churches in Union Springs; Presbyterian, Friends, Christian, Baptist, Methodist, Catholic and Episcopal. Since all of them cannot be included in this talk, only an account of the oldest one will be given. The First Presbyterian Church of Springport was formed Sept. 7, 1801, at the home of Ichabod Wilkinson in the present Town of Fleming. It was originally a Congregational Church. Its first pastor was Rev. Jacob Cram who was also an early pastor of the First Church of Milton. The First Congregational Society of Aurelius was organized May 21, 1802, about one mile south of Half Acre. This was one of the churches of the Middle Association of Congregational Churches of New York. It was later taken into the Presbytery of Cayuga as the First Presbyterian Church of Aurelius with other churches of the vicinity that had originated as Congregational Churches. When Springport was formed in 1823, this church became the First Presbyterian Church of Springport. This church is the third oldest church in Cayuga County. The oldest is the First Presbyterian Church of Genoa organized in 1798 as the First Congregational Church of Milton. The second oldest is the Presbyterian Church of Aurora organized in 1800 as the First Congregational Church of Scipio. From the First Presbyterian Church of Aurelius (now Springport) were formed three churches: the Presbyterian Church of Sennett, the First Presbyterian Church of Auburn, and the First Presbyterian Church of Cayuga. The first church building was built in 1816 about two miles north of Union Springs. The present building in which this meeting is being held was erected in 1840. The first installed pastor of this church was Rev. David Higgins, a Congregational minister, whose installation was, according to the historian, Hotchkin, "the first instance of such an occurrence in the Military Tract." At this time, Cayuga County was in the Presbytery of Geneva. The Presbytery of Cayuga was formed in 1807 from the Presbytery of Geneva. On September 11, 1803, the Presbytery of Geneva was opened with a sermon by Rev. David Higgins, the Congregational pastor of the First Church of Aurelius. During this meeting, this question was discussed: "Can the Presbytery consistently receive as a constituent member a minister belonging to an Association without his discontinuing his connection with the Association?" The answer was unanimously, "Yes", and immediately thereafter, the Rev. David Higgins, Pastor of the First Church of Aurelius, and Rev. Hezekiah Woodruff, Pastor of the First Church of Scipio, both congregational ministers in Congregational churches, were received as full members of the Geneva Presbytery. This was an excellent example of Interdenominational tolerance and cooperation. These are only some of the main points in the history of your town and village. There is much more of interest and I trust that some one some time will incorporate it all in a complete history. The Historian of Union Springs and of the Town of Springport, Mrs. Ethel Flinn, has many more of the interesting details than I have. You have a beautiful setting here for a village. I did not realize until I went abroad that our scenery here is just as beautiful as theirs, the difference being that we do not need to play it up as an asset. The view across the Lake with Frontenac Island in the foreground cannot be matched even on any of the other lakes of the celebrated Finger Lakes region. Edward Richardson dammed the north spring and built his mill here more than a year before John Hardenberg came to Hardenberg's Corners to build his mill on Lake Owasco Outlet and to become the first settler of Auburn. Hence Union Springs is one of the oldest villages in Cayuga County. Your village is not only beautiful in its setting, but rich in its heritage.   Yesteryears, Volume 26 #3 . Click here for Cayuga County Genealogy and History Resources #CayugaCOunty #NewYork #UnionSprings

When researching family history, you never know what you might find. So far, I have found over 400 of my ancestors, and have found nothing as shocking as the death of my 4th great-grandfather, Peter Shevalier. Peter Shevalier was counted on the Mortality Schedule taken on September 7, 1850, as "Peter Chevalier". It reports he was a married farmer, born in New York, and that he died in April of that year. The cause of death? "Murdered". Peter Chevalier "Murdered" A simple newspaper search at fultonhistory.com led me to tragic details. It was printed in The Democrat, Penn-Yan, New York, Tuesday, May 7, 1850. (Transcription below): The Murder of Peter Shevalier " Intemperance and Murder . We learn from the Cortland Democrat that on Wednesday last, in the town of Marathon, in that county, two individuals, named John Hanes and Daniel Modelle, procured ten quarts of whiskey, and proceeded to the house of Peter Shevalier, probably for the purpose of having a 'spree' - They spent most of the day carousing, &c., until a dispute or quarrel arose between the parties, which ended in the strangling (as is supposed) to death of aforesaid Shevalier, and thrusting of the body into a hole in the floor. The first intimation of it was the finding of the above named Hanes and Modelle in the room in a state of intoxication, and the deceased in the hole with his head down and feet resting upon the floor. When spoken to on the subject, Modelle (who we believe is quite a youth) said that Hanes struck Shevalier and choked him to death and then thrust him into the hole. This was peremptorily denied by Hanes, who contended that Modelle had as much to do in the matter as himself. They are both in jail." - Syracuse Standard. When the census was taken in 1850, John Haynes, age 21, and Daniel Modelle (or Madole), age 17, were in the custody of Sheriff Pomeroy in Cortlandville. Why their crime is listed as "manslaughter" is beyond me, and it appears both were freed within 5-10 years. There was a John S. Haynes living in Preble (same county) when the 1855 New York State Census was taken, but his age was given as 23, so he may not have been the murderer. However, in 1860, there was a man named Dan Madole, age 27, living in Marathon on the farm of Cornelius Livingston. This almost certainly was the same man involved with the murder of my 4th great-grandfather. Meanwhile, Peter's family was counted on the census that year on September 7, 1850, as follows: Peter's widow, "Anna" (Joanna), three daughters and two sons living in the home. Their 25-year old son, Christian, had stepped in as head of the household, and four of their other children were in the home: Hannah, age 19, Jane, age 14, Abram, age 8, and Lucy Ann Shevalier , age 23. Lucy married the following year to Nicholas Hollenbeck. Family Portrait made with Family Portrait Maker Joanna remarried to Aaron Campbell, and is buried in Willet beneath a headstone that reads " "Joanne - Relict of Peter Shevalier - Wife of Aaron Campbell - 1800-1889". Click here for photos . Click here to see more on this family ! Click here to see the Index #PeterShevalier #Chevalier #Marathon #NewYork #Hollenbeck #shevalier

Portrait Created with Family Portrait Maker Jeremiah Shevalier (or Chevalier) was my paternal 5th great-grandfather. He was born about 1760 in a small town in the Hudson Valley called Coxsackie, New York. This odd name is pronounced cook-sak-ee. A Dutch settler by the name of Peter Bronck acquired the land in 1662 by trading "150 guilders in beaver pelts" with Native Americans who called the place Koxhackung. Details are found in Collections on the History of Albany: From Its Discovery to the Present Time, Vol. 4, p. 298: The town was officially established in 1788 as a part of Albany County before it's division. The village of Coxsackie is located on the east side of the town along the Hudson River. Use this interactive map to have a look around: On Feb. 19, 1784, Jeremiah Shevalier married Catherine Rohrbacker, with whom he had several children. They were counted on the census in Coxsackie in 1790 and 1800. In 1804, they moved 145 miles west, crossing the Catskill Mountains and into the Appalachians to a town called Virgil, New York. Since the first railway in the U.S. wasn't created until 1827, the family would have taken the trip on foot, horseback and/or by boat . Virgil, New York, was part of the Military Tract. This was land awarded to soldiers of the American Revolution for their military service in the war. ( Click here to learn more ). Some soldiers left their homes in New England for their prized land in central New York, but many soldiers sold their bounty land without ever seeing it. Perhaps Jeremiah purchased a soldier's bounty land in Virgil. Additional research is needed to prove or disprove why or how he moved to Virgil in 1804. A search of the Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files produced no results for Jeremiah Shevalier after trying various spellings, but it is certain that he served as ensign and lieutenant in the New York State Militia. He is listed in the Military Minutes of the Council of Appointment of the State of New York, 1783-1821 , Vol. 1, of which excerpts are shown below.  Jeremiah Shevalier served in Peter Van Bergen's regiment in Greene County, New York. The total number of years of his service is unknown but according to the State Historian's findings, his rank was ensign in 1800, lieutenant in 1802, and vice lieutenant in 1805. In the 1805 report, his name is followed by "moved", which corresponds with History of Cortland County , p. 323 , and Festal gathering of the early settlers and present inhabitants of the town of Virgil, Cortland County, N.Y. , p. 14 . Both sources state that Jeremiah Shevalier arrived in Virgil in 1804. It is clear these three entries pertain to the same person, although three different spellings are given for his name: Chavelier, Chevelier, and Chevalier. On his burial monument , however, the name is spelled Shevalier. Jeremiah Shevalier died at the age of about 64 years, on October 2, 1824, in Virgil, and is buried in Marathon Village Cemetery (Section 2; Lot 6).  Have you connected your branch to Jeremiah Shevalier on Wikitree? https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Shevalier-103 Click here to learn more about Jeremiah Shevalier . Click here to learn more about this branch of my family . #shevalier #jeremiahshevalier #militia #wallofhonor #veteran #military

In an effort to learn more about my Shevalier/Chevalier ancestors from the Isle of Jersey, I found a 1902 article written in French, published on the Société Jersiaise website here . Believing it may provide some information about the family, I used Google Translate to translate it to English as best as I could. The transcription can be read below, or grab a drink and sit back and listen on YouTube: CHEVALIER, de St Hélier. This ancient Jersey family, whose name was written Chevalier, Cheuallier, or Chevalier, etc. or, abbreviated, Chlr, is probably indigenous. The Extente (1271) mentions "the forfeiture" of Jourdain Chyvalir, of the parish of Saint Mary; it also shows that Matthew called Chivalir, a priest, owned land at Saint Martin (Extente of 1274, pages 20 and 21). In 1381 Robert Chevalier was one of the Jurors for the Extension of this date, for the parish of Saint Martin (Extent of 1831, page 1). In 1507 the name of Antoine Chevalier, of Saint Hélier, appears in the oldest Rolls of the Royal Court (Catel, book 1), and it is he who is the ancestor of the particular branch with which we are concerned in this notice. Let us be honest, it is not only in Saint Hélier that we find, in the 16th century, representatives of the Chevalier family: they were established in most of the parishes on the island, and especially in Saint Ouen, Saint Pierre, Saint Jean, Saint Brelade, Saint Laurens, etc. [1] In 1543 we find in the Rolls (Catel, Book 9) the name of John Chevalier alias Knight, of Saint Laurens, who perhaps belonged to a Chevalier family, several members of which were at that time settled in Southampton. When Jerseymen went to live in England, they often translated their patronymic names into English: thus De Ste Croix became "Holy Cross", Blampied was metamorphosed into "White Foot", La Cloche was transformed into "Bell", Syvret into Savory, etc. There is on the King's fief, at La Moye, Saint Brelade, a piece of land called "the Fief Chevalier" (Register, book 6, folios 341 and 346 v., 1624). In the 15th and 16th centuries several representatives of this family were ecclesiastics: for example Sire Raulin (or Ralph) Chevalier, of the parish of Saint Helier, priest in 1498; Sire Richard Knight, also of Saint Hélier, deacon in March 1517-8 (see Bulletin of 1890, page 416-418); Sire Jacques Chevalier, Rector of Grouville, 1548-1565. Master Olivier Chevalier, Regent of Saint Anastase around 1525, and until about 1558, had probably studied at a University. It seems certain, according to the "Inquisition" of 1538, that he was at that date filling the office of Attorney-General of Jersey. He had married (in 2 marriages, we believe) Philippine, daughter of Thomas Botterel and Guillemine Hue, and aunt of Clément Botterel, Lord of the fief ès-Payns, who was Constable of Saint Ouen, 1601-1609. The widow of Mr. Olivier Chevalier and her son Helier Chevalier had to support a long lawsuit against Mr. Jean Paulet, Dean, concerning the possession of a house called "the house of Goués" where Mr. Olivier C. "was holding the glue". See Catel, book 9, the Saturday after October 14, 1560, the October 24 and the Wednesday after December 10, 1560: these Acts are printed in the 25th Bulletin, pages 300 and 301. We have every reason to believe that Mr. Olivier Chevalier belonged to one of the branches of Saint Pierre. But we do not intend, in this notice, to give a history of this particular family: our aim is to deal especially with the branch of Saint Hélier which gave the country Jean Chevalier, the Chronicler. Jean Chevalier was born, as we shall see later, around 1589; he was the son of Clément Chevalier and Jeanne Malzard. In 1624 we find him mentioned in the Rolls as Officer of the Constable of Saint Hélier (with another Jean Chevalier who was the son of Guillaume). A few years later, on 28 September 1638, he was sworn in as Vingtenier of the Vingtaine of the City. Let us note that Clément Chevalier, elder brother of the Chronicler, had preceded him in the functions of Vingtenier of the Vingtaine of the City. Jean Chevalier exercised them during difficult times: the political dissensions which divided England had their repercussions in Jersey, and the island was torn apart by the struggles between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Chevalier remained faithful to the royalist cause, for which he doubtless had to suffer a lot: he himself recounts in his Journal how he refused, in 1643, to the parliamentary leaders, the keys to the Arsenal of Saint Helier, despite the death threats to which he was subjected by Philippe Le Boutillier. At the end of 1651, when the Republicans seized the island, Jean Chevalier had to resign the position of Vingtenier. In 1665 he was sworn in as one of the Officers of Saint Hélier for the Extent of 1668.[2] He also became, and remained until his death, Deacon of the parish of Saint Hélier. It is very regrettable that due to the insufficiency of contemporary documents, the life of the Chronicler is so little known. Only two historians give some details about him: Rev. Edouard Durell in the Notes he added to the History of Jersey, by Philippe Falle, and Mr. Hoskins in his book entitled: “Charles II in the Channel Islands”. We have little to add to what these historians say relative to the Chevalier Manuscript and its author; let us be allowed, however, to give here some impressions that the reading of the work has suggested to us. Jean Chevalier was certainly a serious, religious, intelligent and methodical mind; he had doubtless received an education uncommon at that time, and, being keenly interested in politics and the prosperity of his country, he had set himself the task of carefully noting, day by day, the principal events of the struggle between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians. This undertaking was not the easiest: it was a question of both relating what was happening on land and at sea, in Jersey and Guernsey, and even in England; of giving an exact and impartial account of the cruises made by the frigates of the King, armed by Lord George de Carteret; to speak of the supplies of Château Cornet, besieged by the Parliamentarians of Guernsey, etc.: such seems to have been the program of our Chronicler, and one can only admire with what conscience, what precision, what accuracy of detail he acquitted himself of his voluntary task. Evidently his position as Vingtenier put him in a position to be informed quickly and surely on what was happening in the island in general and especially in Saint Helier; the town, though very small at that time, was nevertheless in some way the centre of the public life of the country. Furthermore, by his marriage with Marie La Cloche, daughter of Edouard La Cloche, of Saint Helier, he was allied to several of the best families of the island. The Rev. Etienne La Cloche, Rector of Saint Ouen, was his brother-in-law; and Benjamin La Cloche, Lord of Longueville, Juré-Justicier, his first cousin, had married one of the sisters of Messire Philippe de Carteret, Knight, Lord of Saint Ouen, Bailiff and Limit-Governor. Jean Chevalier was therefore highly connected in a social as well as political point of view. It is therefore impossible for us to share the opinion of Hoskins who calls him, in a passage of his book “Charles II in the Channel Islands”, “a subaltern parochial officer, whose most authoritative source of information could have been little more than second hand backstairs gossip”. This gratuitous malignity did not prevent Hoskins from drawing extensively on the Chevalier Manuscript; he recognizes, moreover, from the preface of his work, that the Jersey chronicler is entirely trustworthy. We have already said that the aim of our author, in writing his Journal, was above all political. It is true that, from time to time, he approaches other questions, but he does so very soberly and, so to speak, with some repugnance: gossip and tales are not to his taste. It is even much to be regretted that he has so rarely deviated from his political program, because we would have liked him to speak to us about himself, his family, his profession, etc. It is in vain that one would seek information on this subject in the work of Jean Chevalier himself. Also we would have had the greatest difficulty in identifying it through its many contemporary homonyms, since the following notes, evidently written by one of the Chronicler's sons, are included in the Manuscript: November 1675. My mother Marie la Cloche, wife of my father Jean Chevalier, died aged 83 years. On November 30, 1675, Jean Chevalier died aged 86 years. This data is fully confirmed by the Burial Registers of the parish of Saint Hélier, of which here are two extracts: Marie de la Cloche wife of Jean Cheualier Deacon died was buried on the 23rd of November 1675. Jean Cheuallier Deacon aged Eighty and six years died on the last day of the month of November and was buried on the 1st day of the Month of December 1675. We see therefore that the Chronicler reached the advanced age of 86 years and that he survived his wife by only eight days. We can also conclude that he was born around 1589, but it is impossible to fix the exact date of his birth, because the Registers of Saint Hélier do not begin until 1596 . Let us also note that, shortly before his death, the Chronicler presented for baptism, on September 6, 1674, his great-grandson, Clément Chevalier, who became Constable of Saint Hélier in 1717. After these few details on the author of the Manuscript, let us return to his work and recall that it includes the period of 1643 to 1651, and ends with the arrival of the Parliamentarians in October 1651. Chevalier appears to have intended to continue his Journal for a few years: this is evident from several passages in the Manuscript and especially from an allusion to a new volume in which he intended to speak of a crown that Messire George de Carteret, Bailiff and Lord-Governor, had placed on the bell tower of Saint Hélier. It even seems probable that he had taken the notes with the aim of writing another volume; but, for some unknown reason, he was doubtless unable to carry out his project, and his notes were lost. In 1645, when he was about 56 years old, he speaks, in passing, of the weakness of his eyesight: "mes yeux ja teruis" (my eyes are faded); this is perhaps the reason why he would not have continued his interesting narrative beyond 1651. What a pity he did not! There are so few sources of information in Jersey for the period between 1652 and 1655; the Rolls of the Royal Court and the Estates are almost all missing for these few years when the Parliamentarians came back to power and doubtless introduced many changes which it would be interesting to know. Chevalier would not have failed to inform us about this little-known period of our history; he would have carefully related the main facts, without counting the ordinary or extraordinary incidents which would have been found “in the course of his Journal”, according to an expression which is familiar to him. But, while expressing regrets, let us be grateful that we have, in the work of Jean Chevalier, an infinitely precious contribution to the history of our country during the civil wars of the 17th century. According to tradition, the house of our author was situated on the Market Place, near the place where the offices of the “Chronique de Jersey” are today. This is confirmed by an Act (the States of March 22, 1697-8, allowing Mr. Clément Chevalier, descendant of the Chronicler, to rebuild his house, situated at the top of the Market, in order to make it more convenient”. There were pillars in the old house and in their place he laid the foundations of the new one. Furthermore, the Act tells us that, as a Prison had just been built in the city, the cage was removed; the latter, we are told, was in the way of the view of the house of the said Knight. The States decided to erect in place of the cage a pedestal, with five or six steps, on which a dial would be placed (States, book 3, date cited). The new residence of the Knights bore the initials C.C. (Clément Chevalier) and the date, we believe, of 1715, still legible a few years ago; these indications disappeared during some repairs undergone by the building. The property in question was inherited by the Heinery family. We have reason to believe that Clement Chevalier, the eldest son of the Chronicler, was one of the principal merchants of Saint Helier; it appeared interesting to us to note that in 1687 Mrs. William Button (Bouton), née Jeanne Bailhache, was condemned to pay Mr. Clement Chevalier, son Jean, the sum of 100 livres tournois for wedding clothes provided by him (Ex. 69, 17 December 1687). According to the Registers of the parish of Saint Laurens, Mr. William Button and Mrs. Jeanne Bailhache were married in the island of Sark, in 1684, by Mr. Benoist, Minister of the said place. Monsieur Clement Chevalier, grandson of the one we have just spoken of, exercised for some years the functions of Centurion of Saint Hélier and, on 11 May 1717, he was sworn in as Constable of this parish, replacing Monsieur Philippe Patriarche (Ex. 85). But he was not to occupy this important office for long, for an untimely death took him away two years later; he was buried at Saint Hélier on 2 May 1719. His eldest son, Clément-Benjamin Chevalier, became Lord of the fief of Anneville, in 1737-8, on the death of his mother, née Marie Dumaresq. He did not reside long in Jersey, for a large inheritance which he made in December 1722 led him to settle in England. His cousin Temple Chevalier (see genealogy), of Aspall Hall, in the County of Suffolk, who died on 5 Dec. 1722, had bequeathed this property to him by will dated 10th November 1722. Temple Chevalier had sold much of his property in Jersey,[3] as early as 1702, doubtless to purchase Aspall Hall from the Brooke family, of which Lord Cobham was one of the members.[4] Clement-Benjamin Chevalier (designated in the Royal Court Rolls as Clement Chevalier gent.) therefore settled at Aspall, where his family has continued to this day. Among his descendants, perhaps the best known, were John Chevallier, M.D., who died in 1846, who first cultivated and introduced into practical agriculture the famous barley called “Chevallier barley,” and Temple Chevallier (died in 1873), Canon of Durham and Professor of Mathematics at Durham University. The present representative of the family at Aspall is John-Barrington Chevallier Ecr. Lord Kitchener of Khartoum and Aspall belongs to the Chevallier family of Suffolk through his mother, née Frances Chevallier, daughter of the Rev. John Chevallier MD,, and aunt of J. B. Chevallier Ecr. The coat of arms borne by the Chevalliers of Aspall Hall is described as follows: “Argent, on a cross, gules, five escallops of the field”. The “General Armoury” (Burke, and the Armorial of Jersey, page 331, give another description of the arms of the Chevallier: “Azure, a unicorn’s head, erased, argent; on a chief of the last, three sinister wings, sable”. See finally, in a Volume offered to the Public Library of Jersey, by J. B. de V. Payen-Payne Ecr., son of the late J. B. Payne Ecr. (author of the Armorial), an engraving representing the arms of the late Jean-Daniel Chevalier Ecr, similar to those found in Burke and in the Armorial.   The Chevalier Genealogy follows this text. I cannot adequately copy the charts found at https://collections.societe.je/archive/books/journal-de-jean-chevalier 1902 - Article 6 - Notices sur quelques anciennes familles jersiaises - Chevalier, de St Hélier (1902 - Article 6 - Notices on some old Jersey families - Chevalier, from St Hélier) https://collections.societe.je/archive/annual-bulletin/volume-5/annual-bulletin-1902/1902-article-6-notices-sur-quelques-anciennes-familles-jersiaises-chevalier2c-de-st-hc3a9lier/1943533 Click here to learn more about my branch of the Shevalier family . [1] According to a manuscript by the late Mons. F.G. Callas, G.R. Chevalier, Ecr., of the 65th Infantry Regiment, descended from a family from Poitou, who took refuge in Jersey around 1625 and would, therefore, have no family ties with the other Knights. [2] See Ex. 56, it dates it to 11 November 1605. [3] Temple Chevalier gent. & sold much of his inheritance to replace it in England (Ex. 82, May 1711) [4] See the pamphlet entitled: “Some Family Notes. Compiled by Sir Frederick Lucy Robinson, K.C.B."

As a child, I remember asking my mother to tell me stories about when she was younger. How I wish I had asked all of my grandparents and great-grandparents that question while they were still living. If I had asked my great-grandfather, John Reese, what the most tragic event of his life was, he might have told me first about the death of his little brother, Harold E. Reese, who died at the young age of 6 in 1931, but I'm sure he would have added that just seven years later, his 32-year old brother, Raymond Reese, took his own life. But then again, he probably wouldn't have told me, because in the old days, things like this were not to be spoken of. Knowing what a kind man my great-grandfather was, he probably would have had a hard time telling the story. Raymond L. Reese was born in 1906 in North Mountain, Franklin Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. He was the eldest son of Maynard and Ada (Temple) Reese. The family moved from Pennsylvania to New York between 1911 and 1912, and lived in Ledyard (Aurora), Cayuga County, New York, for many years. On Sunday, June 26, 1938, a man driving "the old Ithaca-Elmira highway", noticed a sedan parked in an open field half a mile north of the hamlet of Sullivanville in the town of Veteran, Chemung County, New York . Upon investigating, the man approached the vehicle and observed Raymond Reese, age 32, sitting in the driver's seat. A woman named Grace Collins, age 38, was at his side, slumped against him and his arm was around her shoulder as the pair peacefully departed this life together. The couple were reportedly living together in Ithaca, at 108 First Street, but only for the previous week. Grace's estranged husband, John Collins, reported that she abandoned him and their two children , who lived on Lake Road, north of Ithaca. The two children, a daughter and a son, were born in 1918 and 1919, so they were about 19 and 20 years old at the time of their mother's departure. In the previous week, Gertrude Reese, who lived in Ellis Hollow, a hamlet in Ithaca, had also filed charges against Ray for abandonment. She and Ray had been married for about 14 years but appear to have had no children. Ray had been arrested for the charge and was set to appear in court Saturday night, but he failed to appear and chose his own judgement instead. It was late Saturday night that the couple affixed a hose from the car's tailpipe, directing the fumes into the vehicle. They sat and awaited the effects and soon died from carbon monoxide poisoning. The fumes are said to be deadly within a few minutes. Their dreadful deed wasn't discovered until the following day, when a local man reported the car to the storekeeper in Sullivanville. The New York State Death Index reports their deaths occurred in Veteran, Chemung, New York, on Sunday, June 26, 1938. Following are several news clippings regarding the incident. These were from The Cortland Standard, Elmira Star Gazette, Tonawanda Evening News, The Saratogian, The Syracuse Journal, Utica Daily Press, and Knickerbocker News (Albany), all published on Monday, June 27, 1938. Raymond's funeral was announced in The Union Springs Advertiser on Thursday, June 30, 1938. It is a painful story to tell. Of course, we don't know all the happenings, but when you're going through a storm, just remember this - "Everything passes". Note: Gertrude Reese's maiden name may have been Gertrude M. Bellinger. See New York State, Marriage Index, 1881-1967 on ancestry.com . Click here to learn more about the Reese family .

The Erie Canal may seem far removed and insignificant to people today, but if you're living in the Midwest or West, the Erie Canal could be the reason you ended up there. Most of my family stayed in New England and New York, but my paternal lineage was directly affected by the construction of the Erie Canal, but not necessarily in a good way. Russel Leonard , my 4th great-grandfather, left his family in upstate New York in November of 1832 "to purchase land in the Territory of Michigan". His wife, Sophronia, published a missing persons ad in the Cayuga Republican in May, 1834 , indicating that his "suffering wife and children" were desperate for information. In the notice, she states that he left from Lock Port (Lockport) on November 1, 1833, and had not been heard from since. The notice, published May 2, 1834, asked for information to be sent to the Post Master at Port Byron, Cayuga County, New York. Since both Port Byron and Lock Port are located on the Erie Canal, I am assuming he traveled on the Erie Canal, but this has yet to be positively confirmed. As I continue my search for information, I came across an article, which sheds some light on the situation. It pertains to another pioneer, but contains much information about the circumstances and opportunities that led many New Englanders and New Yorkers to Michigan, specifically. In this video you can learn a lot about the construction and westward migration. (Not my video). If you have any information that could help in our search for information about Russel Leonard, or access to Michigan land patents, please let us know! Stay tuned for updates! #russelleonard #eriecanal #michigan

In my previous blog about " The Life of James Henry Leonard ", I shared some documentation about my great-granduncle's first marriage, which took place on November 19, 1910, in Moravia, Cayuga County, New York, when he was 19 years old. He married a 21-year old woman named Zaida Brown. This is an established fact, with their marriage license application, shown here, serving as evidence: James and Zaida had a son named Charles Lewis Leonard, born Sept. 8, 1912, in Moravia, Cayuga, New York, but when the census taken in 1920, they weren't living together, and in 1922, James remarried to Edna Wallace. So what ever happened to Zaida? Well, as usual, we have to rely on newspapers to tell the story. I found several articles printed in area newspapers from 1915 to 1921, which give us a glimpse of what was going on in her eventful life. First, an article in a Bridgeport, Connecticut, newspaper called "The Farmer", July 22, 1915, mentions a man named "Henry Vredenberg, age 42, a former factory owner in Homer, N.Y.", and his "alleged common law wife, Zaida Leonard". Note that Homer is about 15 miles from Moravia, where James and Zaida were married in 1910. It was also where her family lived at the turn of the 20th century and her father died there in 1917. Vredenberg was arrested and Zaida was detained after being suspected of violating the White Slave Law . The White Slave Law, enacted in 1910, was not about race, despite what it might seem to imply. It was a law to prevent human trafficking, or detaining anyone against their will, as slaves, essentially. The brief mention in the paper doesn't give us much information, but it appears that the accusation came from Zaida's grandfather, and it was found to be unwarranted as Vredenberg was only charged a fine of $5 for breach of peace. Then, just four months later, a series of articles were published, pertaining to "George W. Vredenberg, captain of the Steamer Venture". He was charged with grand larceny after stealing a clock and a searchlight from another boat docked near his. Vredenberg's "woman companion", Zaida Leonard, was found living aboard the Venture when he was arrested and both were detained and interrogated for several hours until the truth came out. You can read the articles here and maybe you can find more on your own, if you're interested in investigating this case further. If you find anything, please let us know in the comments below! With no mention of James, and with the Vredenberg scandal occurring just five years after James and Zaida were married, one might wonder if this is the right Zaida Leonard, but one of the articles clearly gives her name as "Mrs. Zaida Brown Leonard". It was The Homer Republican on Feb. 1, 1917, included in the clippings above. In the end, Vredenberg was acquitted because Zaida, whose damning testimony was to be used against him, could not be found to be served with a subpoena. I could find no further information about her, other than when her father's estate was being settled in 1921. In the second to last newspaper clipping above, it was stated that she lived in Hoboken, New Jersey. My attempts to locate her on the census have proved fruitless, although it is possible she may have remarried and altered the spelling of her name or changed it all together. She may have even had more children, or, with a free and adventurous spirit like hers, maybe she traveled the world. Who knows? Anyone? As for Vredenberg, his life ended tragically in 1934, when he was involved in an altercation with a 21-year old deckhand employed on his boat. The man inadvertently knocked Vredenberg overboard and then watched as he drowned. Details were reported in the final newspaper clipping, shown above. So what ever happened to Zaida? Anyone with information, please share! Stay tuned for more! To learn more about the Leonard family, click here . #jamesleonard #zaidabrown #leonard

Tracing family history can be a rewarding but challenging journey. Sometimes, traditional records leave gaps or contradictions that make it hard to confirm relationships or understand family connections. That’s where X DNA testing can offer unique insights. This type of genetic analysis helps genealogists confirm relationships and break through stubborn brick walls in family trees. In this article, we will explore how X DNA works, why it is useful, and provide real examples of how it has helped uncover family secrets. What Is X DNA and How Does It Work? X DNA refers to the genetic material found on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in humans. Women have two X chromosomes (XX), while men have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). This difference affects how X DNA is inherited and passed down through generations. Unlike autosomal DNA, which comes from all ancestors, X DNA follows a specific inheritance pattern: Women inherit one X chromosome from each parent. Men inherit their single X chromosome only from their mother. Because of this pattern, X DNA can help narrow down which ancestors contributed to a person’s genetic makeup. It is especially useful for confirming relationships along maternal lines or identifying connections that might not be clear from autosomal DNA alone. Why Use X DNA in Genealogy? X DNA testing offers several advantages for family history research: Narrowing down potential ancestors: Since X DNA is inherited in a predictable way, it can help eliminate certain ancestors from consideration and focus on others. Confirming relationships: X DNA can verify suspected relationships, especially when paper records are missing or unclear. Breaking down brick walls: When traditional research hits a dead end, X DNA can provide new clues to uncover hidden family connections. Complementing autosomal DNA: It adds another layer of information that can clarify complex family trees. How to Interpret X DNA Matches When you receive your DNA test results, you may find matches who share segments of X DNA with you. Understanding these matches requires knowing the inheritance rules: A male’s X DNA comes only from his mother, so his matches on the X chromosome relate to his maternal line. A female’s X DNA comes from both parents, but the segments inherited can vary widely. The amount and location of shared X DNA segments can help estimate the closeness of the relationship. Genealogists often use X DNA in combination with family trees and other DNA results to confirm or rule out possible connections. Examples of Using X DNA to Confirm Relationships Example 1: Confirming a Maternal Aunt A genealogist suspected that a woman was her maternal aunt but lacked birth records to prove it. Both tested their DNA, and the genealogist found a significant shared segment on the X chromosome. Since the X chromosome is passed from mother to child, this match supported the aunt-niece relationship. The X DNA evidence, combined with other autosomal matches, helped confirm the family link. Example 2: Identifying a Missing Grandmother In another case, a man had no information about his paternal grandmother. His mother and maternal aunt both tested their X DNA. By comparing their X DNA matches with other relatives, the genealogist identified a common ancestor on the maternal side. This discovery led to finding records that revealed the grandmother’s identity, breaking a decades-old brick wall. Using X DNA to Break Down Brick Walls Brick walls in genealogy occur when records are missing, names are common, or family stories conflict. X DNA can help by: Eliminating impossible ancestors: If a suspected ancestor could not have contributed to the X chromosome, they can be ruled out. Focusing on specific lines: Since X DNA follows a unique path, it narrows the search to certain branches of the family. Finding unexpected connections: Sometimes, X DNA matches reveal relationships that were unknown or hidden, such as adoptions or name changes. Example 3: Solving a Mystery Adoption A woman researching her family found no records about her biological father. Her X DNA matches included several people connected to a particular family line. By tracing these matches and their shared X DNA segments, she identified her biological grandfather’s family. This breakthrough led to connecting with relatives and filling in missing pieces of her family history. Tips for Using X DNA Effectively Test multiple family members: Testing both males and females from different branches can provide a clearer picture. Combine with autosomal DNA: Use X DNA alongside other DNA tests for a more complete analysis. Use chromosome browsers: Visual tools help identify shared segments and compare matches. Keep detailed family trees: Accurate trees help interpret DNA matches and confirm relationships. Be patient and persistent: DNA research can take time, but X DNA offers valuable clues that make progress possible. Limitations of X DNA Testing While X DNA is a powerful tool, it has some limitations: Smaller chromosome: The X chromosome is smaller than autosomes, so fewer segments are available for comparison. Complex inheritance: The unique inheritance pattern can make interpretation tricky without careful analysis. Not a standalone test: X DNA works best when combined with other genetic and documentary evidence. Understanding these limits helps set realistic expectations and guides effective use of X DNA in genealogy.

If you’re diving into family history, you’ve probably come across the term naturalization records . These documents are a treasure trove for anyone tracing their roots in the United States. They tell the story of when and how your ancestors became US citizens. Today, I’m excited to walk you through everything you need to know about US citizenship records and how to find them easily! Naturalization records can reveal so much - from names and dates to places and even personal details about your ancestors. Let’s get started and uncover those stories together! What Are US Citizenship Records and Why Do They Matter? US citizenship records are official documents that show when an immigrant became a US citizen. These records include naturalization petitions, declarations of intention, and certificates of naturalization. They are essential for genealogy research because they often contain: Full names and aliases Dates and places of birth Arrival details and ports of entry Names of family members Addresses and occupations Dates of naturalization ceremonies These details can help you build a clearer picture of your family’s journey to America. Plus, they can fill in gaps where other records might be missing or incomplete. How to Access US Citizenship Records for Your Research Finding these records might seem tricky at first, but it’s easier than you think! Here’s a simple step-by-step guide to get you started: Start with Online Databases Many naturalization records are digitized and available online. Websites like the National Archives, FamilySearch, and MyGenealogyAddiction.com offer free access to a vast collection of records. Visit Local Courthouses or Libraries Some naturalization records are held at the county or state level. If you know where your ancestor lived, check with local courthouses or libraries. They often have archives or can guide you to the right place. Use the National Archives The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) holds many federal naturalization records. You can search their catalog online or request copies by mail. Check Passenger Lists and Immigration Records Sometimes, naturalization records reference arrival information. Passenger lists and immigration records can complement your search. Request Records Using Standard Forms If you have specific details like the name, date, and place of naturalization, you can submit a request to NARA or the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for official copies. Remember, patience is key! Some records might take time to locate or receive, but the payoff is worth it. Can You Look Up Naturalization Records? Absolutely! Naturalization records are generally public records, but access can vary depending on the date and location. Here’s what you need to know: Older Records Are Usually Public Naturalization records created before 1950 are typically open to the public. You can access these without restrictions. Recent Records May Have Privacy Restrictions For records less than 100 years old, privacy laws might limit access. You may need to prove your relationship or get permission. Online Access Varies Some records are fully digitized and searchable online, while others require in-person visits or formal requests. Indexes and Abstracts Help Many archives provide indexes or abstracts of naturalization records. These can help you confirm if a record exists before requesting the full document. If you’re unsure where to start, try searching online databases or contacting local archives. They can guide you on what’s available and how to access it. Tips for Successful Naturalization Record Searches Finding the right naturalization record can be like solving a puzzle. Here are some tips to make your search smoother and more effective: Gather as Much Info as Possible Before searching, collect details like full names, birth dates, immigration dates, and places of residence. Even small clues help! Try Different Name Variations Names might be misspelled or recorded differently. Search using nicknames, initials, or alternate spellings. Use Multiple Sources Don’t rely on just one database. Cross-check with census records, city directories, and immigration lists. Be Patient and Persistent Sometimes records are misfiled or incomplete. Keep trying different approaches and sources. Document Your Findings Keep track of where you searched and what you found. This helps avoid repeating steps and builds a clear research trail. By following these tips, you’ll increase your chances of uncovering those valuable US citizenship records. Unlocking Family Stories Through Naturalization Records Naturalization records do more than confirm citizenship - they open a window into your ancestors’ lives. For example, you might discover: The exact date your great-grandparent became a citizen, marking a major life milestone. The port where they first arrived in the US, revealing migration routes. Names of witnesses or sponsors, who could be relatives or friends. Changes in names or addresses over time, showing how your family settled and grew. Each record is a piece of your family’s unique story. By piecing them together, you create a richer, more personal history. If you want to learn more about how to find us naturalization records , check out this helpful resource here . It’s packed with practical advice and links to free databases! Keep Exploring and Growing Your Family Tree Finding US naturalization records is just one step in your genealogy journey. As you uncover these documents, you’ll gain new leads and insights to explore further. Keep digging into census records, immigration files, and local archives to build a fuller picture of your family’s past. Remember, every record you find is a connection to your heritage and a story waiting to be told. Enjoy the adventure and celebrate each discovery! Happy researching! This post is brought to you by MyGenealogyAddiction.com - your free online hub for family history enthusiasts, dedicated to helping you uncover your ancestors’ stories with a growing collection of records and tools.

Nicholas Shevalier was a brother of my 3rd great-grandmother, Lucy Ann (Shevalier) Hollenbeck, making him my 3rd great-uncle, on my father's side. Nicholas was born Sept. 10, 1822, in Virgil, Cortland, New York, a son of Peter Shevalier and Joanna (Huntley) Shevalier. His life is summarized beautifully in Cortland County's 1875 Atlas, published by Everts, Ensign and Everts, complete with illustrations, as follows: NICHOLAS SHEVALIER was born in the town of Virgil, Cortland County, New York, September 10, 1822. He was one of a family of six children, the son of Peter and Johannah Shevalier, who moved to the town of Marathon about the year 1829, being at that time seven years old. It would be a needless infliction to record here all that he endured and suffered in his childhood and youth, and even in his early manhood, on account of the poverty and the habits of his father. As soon as he was large enough to earn six or eight dollars a month, he began to work for the farmers in the neighborhood, and his wages, as soon as earned, were taken by his father, not leaving enough to comfortably clothe him. He continued in this way until he was seventeen years of age, when, by the advice and assistance of one of his employers, he bought the four years' service remaining due to his father for one hundred and twenty-five dollars, which sum he paid as soon as earned. He had already gained the reputation of being a diligent, trusty, faithful, first-class hand, and, accordingly, could obtain work at the highest price, which was about twelve dollars a month for the summer season. In the winter, and when he was not employed by the month, he would work by the day, and take jobs in cutting and drawing wood, splitting rails, chopping and clearing land,-anything that he found to do for pay, however small, he did, and what he earned he saved. He would take a job cheaper than any other man would do it, and make it pay average day-wages by working uncommonly hard and extra time. By that policy he accumulated while other laborers wasted. He bought a piece of wild land one mile east of Marathon village, now known as the Chauncey Hillsinger farm, which he improved by clearing and building when he was not otherwise employed. In May, 1846, he married Lydia Youngs, a daughter of Abram Youngs, and moved on his farm, where he remained until the year 1852, when he sold it, and bought what was then known as the Blakesley farm, two miles north of Marathon, a part of which is here represented. His wife died less than a year thereafter (January 21, 1853). She left no children. The purchase of the Blakesley farm was his greatest undertaking. It comprised about ninety-five acres, in a state of semi-improvement, with no house, one barn, and a heavy debt; but hard work and strict economy paid it in a few years, and eighty acres more were added, which, by the same means, was likewise paid for. And still he continued to exert himself as long as life and strength remained, so strong had the habit of industry become, though the necessity for such thorough application to business no longer existed. It is said that he chopped and cleared one hundred and seventy acres of land, in addition to all the other labor that he performed. In 1854 he married Delia Barnes, daughter of William Barnes, of Delaware County, New York. The result of their union was six children, one of which, a daughter, died at the age of eleven years. He died of spinal disease, at his late residence, November 5, 1875, his wife and five children surviving him. He was a member of the Methodist Church, a good neighbor, a respected citizen, and an honest and self-made man. Based on the maps found in the same atlas (a segment shown below), it appears the farm may be the one shown here, although the house appears to be different. It is not improbable that it has since been remodeled and parts of the front do look similar. The layout of the out-buildings is the same, with the addition of a larger barn. It is located almost exactly two miles north of the village, as stated above. Do you think this is the same property? Please share your thoughts in the comments below. Nicholas Shevalier was a direct descendant of Elias Shevalier, who was born in St. Helier, on the Isle of Jersey in 1712. Learn more about Elias on Wikitree and connect your branch, if you are a descendant, too! See also, the video: " The Chevalier Family of St. Helier, Jersey circa 1500 ". Click here to learn more about my family .

In Pitcher, Chenango County, New York, there's an old hotel located at the corners of County Road 12 and Route 26. It started out as a hotel where dances were held and was later a store and post office, before being converted into apartments. In front of the building is a sign: PINK HILL LEGEND - ZELLA DROFF WAS MURDERED IN 1870S BY HUSBAND FOR ATTENDING DANCES HERE AT FORMER PITCHER HOTEL. HER GHOST RETURNS TO TRAVELERS ON PINK HILL ROAD. The marker was sponsored by the New York Folklore Society and the William G. Pomeroy Foundation in 2018. The Pomeroy Foundation's website explains "the legend". According to the legend, the story began in 1870, when a middle-aged farmer named Ezra Droff married a young woman named Zella, who was only about 18 years old. He was old enough to be her father, and he acted like it too. Zella was prohibited from participating in picnics, socials, and dances. Young Stella, though, yearning for excitement, would sneak out at night to attend dances at the Pitcher Hotel after her husband fell asleep. One night, Ezra awoke in the middle of the night and discovered she was gone. He sat and waited for her to return and when she did, he ended her life with a butcher knife. Nothing more is known of Ezra Droff or his fate. The legend claims his home was abandoned with all its contents. The legend goes on when years later, a traveling salesman went to stay at the Pitcher Hotel. Set among beautiful rolling hills, the salesman was driving along the country roads when he saw a beautiful young girl walking. He stopped the car to talk to her and was surprised to hear she was headed to the Pitcher Hotel for a dance. He offered her a ride and in return, she offered him a dance. Naturally, he agreed. He took a turquoise shell comb from his case and gently placed it in her hair, a token of his admiration. When the night was over, he drove her back to the same spot where he first saw her. She insisted she could walk the remainder of the way home. The next day, Zella was still on the salesman's mind. He drove out to the road where he met her and tried to find her home, but he only saw an abandoned house and a cemetery. Confused, he went back to the hotel where the clerk told him the story of Zella's murder. He explained that she is buried in Pink Hill Cemetery. The salesman couldn't believe it. He had spoken to her, given her a ride - twice! And he had danced with her! He drove to the cemetery in disbelief and there he saw it - her tombstone. As he approached it, he saw something familiar - the turquoise shell comb sitting on the stone. I'm all for local history, so I was eager to share this story. First, I tried to find news articles to corroborate the story. I couldn't find any news articles containing the names Ezra or Zella Droff and I couldn't find them on the census or cemetery records, so I'm not sure this legend is a true one. I did find one story of a murder in Pitcher, though. The tragedy happened in July of 1931 on Pink Hill. A middle aged man shot his wife after she locked him out of the house for coming home drunk. (Cincinnatus Review, July 10, 1931, front page). Pink Hill was named after the Pink family, some of whom are buried in Pink Hill Cemetery. I visited the cemetery out of curiousity to see if there were any Groff burials there, but unfortunately most of the stones are too worn to read. Nothing further has been found. If you have knowledge of this story, please share!

Percy Daniels and his wife are both buried in Cortland Rural Cemetery in Lot 5, Section 81. There appears to be no stone for either of them there. Shown here is a photo of the section, believed to be the plot, among the stones in the front row, flush to the ground. Following are more scenes from this beautiful cemetery in Cortland, New York. For more on this family, see the Daniels page. #daniels #cemetery #PercyDaniels #VenaDykeman #cortland

I'm going to go out on a limb here and say if you're subscribed to my blog or found my site, you probably have at least a little interest in family history. And with that said, you've probably got a brick wall or two keeping you from progressing in your research on certain branches. Well, around here we try to make researching family history as easy as possible. I've shared loads of resources and tools on my site over the years, but there are just some genealogical mysteries that are too tough to solve and require help - and that's how Genealogy Helpers was born. Hiring professionals is always a good option, but Genealogy Helpers is a platform for posting your cases in hopes that someone somewhere can and will help. The professionals can sign up to solve your cases, too! Here's the twist. It's free! You can send a tip as small or large as you like to whoever solves your case or cases - if they provide links in their profile (CashApp, PayPal, BuyMeACoffee, Venmo, Apple Pay, or Chime), but tips are optional and charging a fee is against the rules. There is no obligation or commitment to pay or tip people who solve cases. If you've solved all your own family mysteries, but love a good challenge, and don't mind helping people, and possibly earning a little extra cash, scroll through the case files and see if you can help anyone. There is a Leaderboard where people who solve cases are recognized. Users receive one point for each case solved. You could be on top! You can find Genealogy Helpers by clicking Helpers from the main menu, or just click the icon below. Share it with your genealogy friends! Note: Browsing cases doesn't require logging in but in order to create a case or solve a case, you will need to create an account on the platfrom. It's not the same account as your mygenealogyaddiction.com account, so you will need to create a username and password specifically for Genealogy Helpers, if you'd like to participate and we hope you will! Click here: #genealogyhelpers #tools #tips #genealogy

Dutch baptismal names are a genealogist’s hall of mirrors: the same person can appear under three spellings, two languages, and one very patient minister. What follows is a practical, historically grounded list of common Dutch baptismal (given) names used in New Netherland, the Mohawk Valley, and early New York, paired with their English equivalents or customary Anglicized forms. These are not strict translations so much as socially accepted swaps used in church records, wills, militia rolls, and censuses. Male Dutch Baptismal Names → English Equivalents Adriaen / Adriaan → Adrian, Andrew Aert / Aart → Arthur Albertus → Albert Andries → Andrew Barent / Barend / Berent → Bernard, Barney Bastiaan → Sebastian Cornelis / Cornelius / Crelis → Cornelius, Charles, Neal Dirck / Dircksen / Diederick → Derek, Theodore Egbert → Edward Evert / Evertse → Everett Gerrit / Gerritje → Garrett Harman / Harmen → Herman Hendrick / Hendrik → Henry Isaac → Isaac (unchanged) Jacob / Jacobus → Jacob, James Jan → John Johannes → John Laurens → Lawrence Lucas → Luke Matthijs / Matthys → Matthew Michiel → Michael Nicolaas / Claes → Nicholas Pieter → Peter Reinier / Reynier → Rayner Roelof / Rolof → Ralph Rutger → Roger Symon → Simon Teunis / Antonius → Anthony Volkert / Folkert → Walter Willem → William Wouter → Walter Female Dutch Baptismal Names → English Equivalents Aaltje / Aeltje → Alice Agnes → Agnes Annetje / Anneke → Ann, Anna, Annie Apolonia → Polly Brechtje → Bridget Catalyntje / Catryna / Trijntje → Catherine, Trina Christina / Styntje → Christina Cornelia / Neeltje → Cornelia, Nellie Dirkje → Dorothy Elisabeth / Lysbeth / Betje → Elizabeth, Betsy Eva → Eve Geertruy / Geertje → Gertrude Grietje / Margriet → Margaret Hendrickje → Henrietta Hillegond / Hilletje → Hilda Jacoba → Jacobina, Jamesina Jannetje → Jane, Jean Johanna → Joanna, Hannah Lena / Leentje → Lena, Helen Magdalena / Lena → Magdalene Maritje / Maria → Mary Neeltje / Cornelia → Nellie Pieternella / Neeltie → Petronella, Nellie Rachel → Rachel Sara / Saartje → Sarah Tryntje / Trijntje → Catherine Willempje → Wilhelmina Other importants things to know about Dutch naming patterns The early Dutch had a system of naming their children - the first child (girl or boy) was named after the father's side. The second, after the mother's side, and so on. This can provide researchers with valuable clues. It's also helpful to know that Dutch records often used the following: Patronymics (Jan Hendricksen = Jan, son of Hendrick) Diminutives as legal baptismal names (Trijntje, Grietje, Aaltje) Latinized forms in church registers (Johannes, Cornelius) So, various records for the same person could be overlooked if you're not familiar with the alternate names. The church may have used one name, friends and family may have used another name, militia-men were sometimes given nicknames. Be sure to keep these points in mind when searching. Also, regarding surnames, remember the Dutch used patronymics. For example, Hendricksen is a patronymic - "son of Hendrick". Alternatively, Hendricks was used. Peterson was used for a "son of Peter", but some used Peters instead. Later records often replaced the patronymic with a fixed surname, often spelled different ways on different records. Example 1 Grietje Pieters - Grietje is a diminutive of Margriet (Margaret) Margaret Peterson - Pieters means “daughter of Pieter” Peggy Peters - English clerks Anglicize both the given name and the patronymic Margaret Hallenbeck - Marriage folds her into a surname that may already have three spellings Example 2 Teunis Hendricksen - Teunis is the Dutch short form of Antonius; Hendricksen is a patronymic (“son of Hendrick”) Antonius Hendrickse - Dutch Reformed baptism records often Latinize the name → Antonius; Surnames were sometimes shortened Anthony H. Hallenbeck - English civil records translate meaning, not sound → Anthony; Later records replace the patronymic with a fixed surname → Hallenbeck / Hollenbeck Anthony Hollenback - Spelling settles only after several generations, with various lines sometimes adopting alternate spellings Have you seen these names in your research? Are there names missing from the list? Tell us in the comments! #dutch #namingpatterns #patrynomic #dutchnames

We all seek birth, marriage, and death dates and places for every ancestor in our tree, but if you're not getting excited when you find a baptismal record, you might be missing out on some valuable clues. Prior to the mandate for reporting births to the State in the late 1800s, vital records were limited mostly to church records or entries in the family Bible, provided that names and dates were recorded there. Baptismal registers can provide more information than you might think! Following are a few things to know. When Children Were Baptized So often we find the date of a baptism, but no birth date. So, how do we know when they were born? We can't always assume they're an infant because adults were baptized occasionally, if they were a recent immigrant or convert to the church, usually noted by the minister. If the age or birth date is missing from the record, research the name or denomination of the church and when they typically performed the ritual. For example, Dutch settlers in the Netherlands and in New Netherland (colonial New York) normally baptized their infants within 3 to 14 days of birth , so if it was a Dutch Reformed or Lutheran Church, there's a good chance they were born the same year they were baptized. There was an urgency to perform the baptism as soon as possible, especially if the child appeared weak or sick or if there was sickness in the household. Delay was risky, both spiritually and socially. The theology behind this was that it marked the child as part of the covenant community, in the event of tragedy. There were certain factors that delayed baptism, however. One reason was that before there were churches in every town, ministers had circuits, serving multiple congregations. Baptisms sometimes had to wait until the minister was in town. If the minister was sick, the weather was bad, or the country was at war, baptisms could have been delayed from several weeks to several months. If the child was baptized the same day they were born or even the very next day, it could hint at fear for the child's survival. If the baptism was performed in winter, the child was probably born days before. If the baptism was in early spring or spring, the child could have been born recently or during the previous winter. The bottom line is this - if the baptism was delayed, it could indicate turmoil in the community - burned churches, militia musters, natural or other disasters. Examine the surrounding records in the baptismal registers. How often were baptisms recorded? Daily? Weekly? Monthly? Even these details offer clues. When multiple baptisms are recorded on the same day, it could indicate a traveling minister. For example, if you notice that baptisms were performed weekly, the child was probably born anytime within the previous 1-2 weeks. Pay Close Attention to the Sponsors Again, depending on the religion or denomination of the church, sponsors were almost always close family. For example, in traditional Dutch Reformed practice, especially in the 17th and 18th-century Netherlands and New Netherland, the people who sponsored a baptism were not chosen casually. They were part of a carefully maintained social and spiritual system that tied families together across generations. Here's how it usually worked: Who Sponsored Dutch Baptisms? 1. Grandparents (most common) The first choice was almost always a grandparent, often the one for whom the child was named. First son → paternal grandfather Second son → maternal grandfather First daughter → maternal grandmother Second daughter → paternal grandmother When a child was named Cornelis, Teunis, Trijntje, or Grietje, the sponsor list often confirms which Cornelis or Trijntje the family meant. This is gold for genealogy. 2. Aunts and Uncles (by blood, not marriage) If a grandparent had died or lived too far away, the role usually passed to: a mother’s sister a father’s brother Dutch custom favored blood kin over in-laws. Marriage connected families; baptism bound them. 3. Namesakes and Heirs Sometimes the sponsor was: a childless older relative a person whose name the child carried a relative expected to play a guiding or inheritance role This created a quiet social contract: moral responsibility, potential guardianship, and family obligation, all sealed with water and ink. 4. Neighbors (only when necessary) Neighbors or friends were chosen only when kin were unavailable—death, war, distance, or social rupture. When you see a non-relative sponsor in a baptism, it often signals: recent immigration family loss military service political division (very common during the Revolution) Why Sponsors Matter So Much Baptismal sponsors were not symbolic extras. They were potential guardians if parents died, but they were also anchors of naming tradition and provide clues to maiden names and kin networks. In frontier places, sponsors often confirm relationships that never appear elsewhere—especially before civil records existed. If a child is baptized with a Cornelis or Trijntje as sponsor, that name is not random. It is almost certainly a grandparent or aunt whose story runs just beneath the surface of the page. A Quiet Revolution-Era Twist During the American Revolution, this system strained. Men away in militia service, families displaced by raids, churches burned (as at Stone Arabia in 1780) meant sponsors increasingly included: cousins instead of grandparents widowed women standing alone neighbors filling in for shattered kin networks Those deviations aren’t mistakes. They’re historical fingerprints. Once you learn to read baptismal sponsorship, the records stop being lists of names and start becoming family ties. Breaking Brick Walls Now that you know what valuable clues can be found in baptismal records, maybe it's time to search for baptism records for your brick wall ancestor's children, siblings, nieces and nephews. One of them could contain the names of the parents or other relatives that could help. Many old church records are found online on sites like Ancestry.com and FamilySearch. They can also be found in old books, many of which can be found on Archive.org . Do some research about the early churches in the town or county your brick wall ancestor lived in and try searching to find their records. Click here for my list of some places to find church records .

From Genealogical abstracts of Revolutionary War pension files , by Virgil D. White, 1990, p. 2056-2060: For the list of abbreviations, see here . LEONARD, Adam, BLW #9814-100-29 Jun 1789 assignee M. McConnell, srv as a Pvt in the PA Line LEONARD, Amos, Marcy, W20462, MA Line, sol m Mercy or Marcy Green of Granby MA on 17 Oct 1788 & sol was of Brookfield MA, sol appl 1 Apr 1818 Oneida Co NY aged 69, in 1820 sol had a wife Mercy aged 60 & a daughter Mercy aged 21 at home, wid's bro David Green made aff'dt 29 Aug 1838 aged 73 a res of Bainbridge in Chenango Co NY & stated his sis m Amos Leonard at Granby MA, wid appl 25 Aug 1838 at Solon in Cortland Co NY aged 79, sol d 26 Mar 1825 at Solon NY, a son Orin Leonard made aff'dt 25 Aug 1838 at Solon in Cortland Co NY & stated wid was living with him LEONARD, Acrhippus, Asenath, W24507, MA Line, sol m Miss Asenath Cobb 6 Jan 1780 both were of Middleborough in Plymouth Co MA, sol appl 18 Apr 1818 Plymouth Co MA aged 61, in 1820 sol referred to a son aged 17, sol d 13 Jan 1833 or 1834 at Rochester in Plymouth Co NY & wid appl 1 Nov 1836 at Middleborough MA, aged 76, in 1843 she had moved to Freetown in Bristol Co MA, sol's bro Rowland Leonard was aged 65 in 1836 a res of Wareham MA LEONARD, Asa, Olive, W24518, CT & Cont Line, sol appl 19 Nov 1832 Tioga Co NY aged 73, sol lived at Bolton in Hartford Co CT at enl, sol was b in 1759 at Lyme in New London Co CT, after the Rev sol lived at Stockbridge & West Stockbridge MA then moved to Union in Tioga Co NY then to Berkshire in Broome & Tioga Cos NY, wid appl 17 Aug 1838 at Berkshire NY aged 73, sol m Olive Churchil on 11 Oct 1787 at Stockbridge MA, sol d 24 Mar 1836, family records; sol was b 30 Jan 1759 & his wife Olive (Churchil) was b in Feb 1764, children were; Polly b 11 Feb 1783, Solomon b 23 Nov 1784, Lucy b 3 Jan 1786, Anna b 16 Sep 1788 & she m Henry Griffing 16 Jul 1808 (he was aged 28), Levi b 5 Jul 1790, Nancy b 26 Apr 1792, Lewis b 30 Jul 1794, Henry b 14 Aug 1797, George W. b 5 Apr 1799, Sabrina b 28 Aug 1800, Amanda b 6 Aug 1802, Chester b 9 Oct 1805, also shown were; Julia Griffing b 2 May 1809, George Griffing b 23 Mar 1812, Franklin Griffing b 14 Sep 1814 & Amanda L. Griffing b 20 Sep 1818 LEONARD, Barnabas or Barney, Phebe, W24512, MA Line, see Barney Leonard LEONARD, Barney or Barnabas, Phebe, W24512, MA Line, sol m Phebe Bassett 5 Feb 1780 both were of Bridgewater in Plymouth Co MA & sol d there 21 Apr 1821 & his wid appl there 22 Aug 1838 aged 78, wid d 30 Oct 1838, a Joseph Bassett was of Bridgewater MA in 1838 but no relationship to wid was stated LEONARD, Benajah, Mary, W20436, CT Line, sol appl 20 Oct 1818 Warren Co NY, in 1820 sol was aged 62, sol was b 15 Oct 1758 & he d 29 May 1827, sol m Mary or Molly Canfield 23 Feb 1779 ?, one Enos Canfield made aff'dt 15 Nov 1837 at Arlington VT aged 67 & stated sol formerly lived at Arlington VT & had lived a near neighbor to him for 30 yrs then moved to Luzerne NY & he referred to sol's is Hannah the wife of Philo Hawley, the relationship of Enos Canfield to wid was not stated, wid appl 13 Apr 1837 at Arlington in Bennington Co VT aged 79 & wid gave m date as 17 Feb 1778 at Arlington VT LEONARD, Caleb, S29291, MA Line, appl 19 Jun 1833 Kennebec Co ME, sol was b in 1760 at Middlebury MA & he lived there at enl & about 1803 he moved to Sidney in Kennebec Co MA (ME) Cuff, S32982, BLW #1044-100, MA Line, appl 1 Apr 1818 at Raynham in Bristol Co MA, in 1820 sol was aged 61 with a wife Hagar aged 51 & Elizabeth Leonard aged 8 yrs, sol was still living in 1822 LEONARD, Daniel, Phebe, W24502, MA Line, sol m Phebe (Leonard) or Raynham MA in Nov 1781 & sol was of Bridgewater MA, wid appl 20 Jun 1840 Windsor Co VT aged 80 a res of Sharon VT, sol d 12 Jul 1829, a Jacob Leonard of Bridgewater MA aged 32 made aff'dt in 1840 & stated he had srv with Daniel Leonard LEONARD, David, S13731, NJ & NY Line, appl 27 Nov 1835 Wayne Co PA, sol was b in 1754 in Morris Co NJ & he lived there most of the time until 1830 then moved to Wayne Co PA, on 18 Dec 1833 sol had moved to Tompkins Co NY to be with his children, a daughter-in-law Mary Leonard was of Tompkins Co NY in 1833 LEONARD, David, R6290, NY Line, a John Kemper of Hudson NY stated sol's father was William Leonard who srv as a Capt in the German Fusiliers in the NY Line, the sol David Leonard was b 3 Mar 1762 at Rhinebeck in Dutchess Co NY & he lived there at enl & srv under his father, sol later moved to Albany NY & in Apr 1783 he moved to Berkshire Co MA for 2 yrs then moved to Austerlitz in Columbia Co NY & he appl there 22 Nov 1838 but appears he had made aff'dt in 1831 or 32 LEONARD, Ebenezer, Abigail, R6288, MA Line, sol's father was Nicholas Leonard of Preston CT, sol's sis Mrs. Hannah Starkweather stated sol d at Crown Point NY in Jun 1776, one Anson Avery made aff'dt 28 Jan 1837 at Ledyard CT & referred to sol's "wife" Abigail & 4 children who lived in southern RI "part of the time" during the Rev, sol had m Abigail Avery 25 Sep 1765, the said Anson was overseer of sol's wid Abigail (Avery) Leonard but his relationship to her was not stated, wid's bro Theophilus Avery of Ledyard CT made aff'dt 23 Jan 1837 & stated his sis Abigail was b 11 Oct 1748, family records; sol was b 3 Sep 1744 & he & wid were m at Groton CT, children's births were; Benjamin b 11 Jun 1766, Sarah b 20 Mar 1768, William b 6 May 1770 & George b 17 Nov 1773, the town records of Preston CT showed the following; Ebenezer Leonard m Esther Amos 6 May 1730 both were of Preston CT, children were; Esther b 22 Apr 1731, Sarah b 22 Apr 1733, Elizabeth b 14 Mar 1737, Amos b 11 Oct 1741, Hannah b 1 Feb 1744, Zipporah b 16 Mar 1746 & Olive b 17 Aug 1748, the sol was referred to as Ebenezer Leonard, Jr. in the Preston CT town records but it was not stated the was the son of the Ebenezer Leonard who m Esther Amos LEONARD, Edward, BLW #7378-100-6 Jul 1791 assignee Carlile Pollock, srv as a Pvt in the NY Line LEONARD, Elias, S4542, PA Line, appl 6 Nov 1832 Burlington Co NJ, sol was b 10 Sep 1756 at Peekskill NY & he was an apprentice at Philadelphia PA when he enl & a short time after the Rev he moved to Burlington NJ for 2 yrs then he went to sea for 6 mths then moved to Chester Co PA for 9 yrs the moved to NY near where he was born for 6 yrs then moved to Burlington Co NJ LEONARD, Elijah, Hannah, W24505, MA Line, sol m Hannah Pierce of Dighton MA 24 or 25 Nov 1788 & sol was of Taunton MA when they were m, wid appl 30 Jan 1839 Wayne Co NY aged 75, sol d in Aug 1822 at Lee MA, sol had appl 6 May 1818 at Lee in Berkshire Co MA, a son Cyrus Leonard of Palymyra NY made aff'dt 30 Jan 1839 & was present when his father died LEONARD, Elisha, S13733, MA Line, sol was b 2 Jan 1751 at Preston CT & he lived at Worthington MA at enl & after the Rev he lived in the "Susquehanna Country" for 14 yrs the at different places until about 1817 he moved Charlotte in Chittenden Co VT & he appl there 15 Aug 1832 LEONARD, Enoch, Mary, W16629, BLW #5211-160-55, MA & NY Line, sol m Mary VanVeghten 10 Sep 1783 in Rensselaer Co NY & sol d 12 Dec 1810, wid appl 15 Dec 1836 Rensselaer Co NY aged 71, sol had enl at Springfield MA, wid appl for BLW 28 Mar 1855 & Frederick M.B. & Helena Maria Leonard were witnesses to her appl LEONARD, Ephraim, S32992, Cont & MA Line, appl 27 Apr 1818 Berkshire Co MA aged 62, in 1820 sol had 2 sons of his wife living with him, towit; Giles Wilcox 15 & Thurston Wilcox aged 14, sol d 4 Dec 1834 LEONARD, Ezekiel, Rhoda, W2816, MA Line, sol was b 30 Jul 1757 at Springfield MA & he lived there at enl & in 1803 he moved to Springfield in Bradford Co PA & he appl there in Sep 1832 & a Theodore Leonard & Joshua Spear were witnesses to his application, wid appl 27 Mar 1839 at Springfield Twnshp PA aged 75, sol & wid had m 10 Apr 1783 & sol d 30 Aug 1834, children's ages in 1805 were; Abi ?? (torn) 22, Laura 20, Ezekiel 18, Nathaniel 15, Lyman 12, Eber 10, Frederick 6, Albert 4 & Alfred b in 1805 LEONARD, Ezra, Elizabeth, W13617, MA Line, sol d 3 Oct 1830 at Oakham in Worcester Co MA aged 80, sol had m Miss Elizabeth Cambell or Campbell of Middleborough MA (where they were m) on 22 Apr 1773 & sol was of Raynham MA when they were m, wid appl 8 Jul 1836 at Oakham MA aged 83 LEONARD, Frederick, S38911, VA Line, appl 18 May 1829 Sullivan Co TN aged 68, sol stated he enl in PA into Col Stuart's Regt in the PA Line ?, sol d in 1845 in Washington Co VA leaving children; Elizabeth, Tuny, Mary, Frederick, John, Henry, Michael, George, William, Samuel, nancy & Margaret Leonard, the son Henry made aff'dt 31 Jan 1854 that sol lived with him when he died & the son then appl for sol's BLW LEONARD, George, Susanna, W3834, Cont Line, wid appl 6 Oct 1842 Augusta Co VA aged 79, sol d 17 Feb 1818, wid had moved to Augusta Co VA in 1797, sol & wid had m in Berks Co PA date not given, children's births were written in what appeared to be German of which I could only read parts of the register, towit; David b in 1784, Georg b in 1786, name ? b in 1788, name ? b 1790, name ? b 1792, Danial b in 1795, Jacob b in 1798, Catsarina b 15 May 1800, Josanna P. b in 1802, Margaret b in 1805 & Dannal b in 1807, the register was clear as to names & days of the months but I could not read LEONARD, George, S40930, MA Line, sol enl at Cambridge MA, he appl 16 Apr 1818 at Cornwall in Addison Co VT aged 69, in 1821 sol was living at Highgate in Franklin Co VT with a wife Rebeccah aged 66 LEONARD, George, Catharine, W8250, BLW #38529-160-55, PA Line, sol m Catharine Evans 16 Sep 1828 at Lancaster PA & sol lived there at enl & he appl there 20 Aug 1832 aged 73 & sol d there 7 or 9 May 1847 & his wid also appl there 18 Dec 1855 aged 68, a son Philip Leonard was living in 1847, in 1906 a daughter Lydia A. White of Lancaster PA stated she was the only child by sol's 2nd wife Catherine (Evans) who d in Nov 1867, the daughter stated she herself m 1st to Charles Bowman on 27 May 1847 & he d in 1849 & she m 2nd to Jacob White in Aug 1867 & he d in May 1897, in 1855 a Walter G. Evans was app'td grdn of the wid & her estate but his relationship to wid was not stated LEONARD, Henry, S29288, NY Line, sol lived at Montreal in Lower Canada at enl, appl 9 Jan 1834 Allegany Co NY aged 88 a res of Burns NY, sol lived at Little Britain in Ulster Co NY at enl, sol was b 4 Jul 1745 in NY City NY, sol lived at Little Britton NY for 20 yrs after the Rev then moved to PA "Minisink ?" then moved to "Townday" on the Susquehann River in PA for 8 or 9 yrs then moved to Burns NY, a son Joseph Leonard signed p.o.a. 25 Nov 1851 in Allegany Co NY at which time sol was dec'd LEONARD, Isaac, Rej, sol appl in PA under the Act of 18 Mar 1818 & his papers were returned to him, the following was shown but wether the same sol was not stated, towit; Isaac Leonard, Old War IF-#26699, sol was b at Somerset in Washington Co PA date not given, sol srv in the War of 1812 & was disc 8 Jul 1815 aged about 25, he rec'd a disability pension from 9 Jul 1815 & he also rec'd BLW #10879-160-12, sol's pension cert was sent to one Thomas Henry at Beaver Court House PA in 1830, in 1866 Isaac Leonard was living in Hancock Co OH with his address at the Findlay OH Post Office LEONARD, Jacob, Mary, W15023, BLW #1237-150-7 Mar 1798, Cont & MA Line, sol m Mary Swift 4 Dec 1788 at Bridgewater MA, in 1820 she was aged 61, sol d 12 Apr 1841 & his wid Mary d 8 Apr 1843 leaving children; Levi W. who 1843 was of Dublin NH & Isam or Isham who in 1843 lived at Bridgewater MA aged about 50 LEONARD, Jacob, S7141, NC Line, sol was b 16 Nov 1758 in Rowan Co the part that later became Davidson Co NC & he lived there at enl, his father was killed by the Tories in the fall of 1781, sol appl 13 May 1834 Davidson Co NC, sol d 27 Jan 1835 leaving several children (no names given), in 1880 sol's only surviving son & heir Daniel Leonard was living at Lexington in Davidson Co NC LEONARD, James, BLW #10809-100-2 Sep 1789, srv as a Pvt in the DE Line LEONARD, James, S34956, DE & MD Line, appl 31 Mar 1818 Washington DC aged 65 where he lived, in 1821 sol was still living there & stated he had no family, sol had also rec'd an MD state pension, on 1 Apr 1828 sol had lately moved to NY state & on 30 Apr 1828 he had returned to MD LEONARD, James, Elizabeth, W5465, PA Line, sol lived in Westmoreland Co PA at enl, sol appl 28 Aug 1832 Higland Co OH aged 98, wid appl 26 Jan 1839 Clermont Co OH aged 75, sol & wid had m 22 Dec 1780, sol d 6 Feb 1836, a James Leonard made aff'dt 26 Jan 1839 in Clermont Co OH & stated he had know sol & wid for 48 yrs but did not state a relationship, a son Thomas Leonard made aff'dt 1 Jul 1859 in Brown Co OH aged 59 & stated his mother (sol's wid) d 22 Dec 1845 & stated wid's maiden name was Elizabeth Watson & the son stated he made the 1859 appl with the consent of his bros & sisters (no names) LEONARD, John, Betsey, R6289, BLW #11276-160-55, MA Line, sol m Betsey Nurss 15 Nov 1775 at Barre MA & both were of Hutchinson MA, wid appl 6 Jun 1837 Cheshire Co NH aged 82, sol enl at Barre MA, sol d 27 Apr 1829, wid appl for BLW 16 Apr 1855 at Keene NH aged 99, a son Nathan Leonard a res of ME made aff'dt 3 Jun 1837 in Cheshire Co NH (his place of residence in ME was not given) LEONARD, John, S33370, NJ Line, appl 7 Jan 1825 Essex Co NJ aged 69, sol stated that in 1812 he owned a 2 acre lot in Morris Co NJ but had to sell it & since had owned nothing & in 1816 he & his wife parted & she returned to her "friends & children by a former husband" leaving the "moveables" to their 3 daughters, towit; Chloe, Phebe & Betsey, sol stated in 1825 he had 2 sons at home; Charles 21 & Benjamin aged 19 also 2 daughters at home; Phebe 15 & Betsey aged 12 yrs LEONARD, John, BLW #9798-100-29 Jun 1789 assignee M. McConnell, srv as a Pvt in the PA Line LEONARD, John, Edy, W1625, VA Line, sol was b 7 Apr 1754 & his wife Edy ( -- ) was b 22 Feb 1771 & they were m in Greenbrier Co VA the latter part of Jun 1796, sol was raised in Germany & came to America in the srv of the British Army & he deserted them & joined the Rev Army in Shenandoah Co VA in Sep or Oct 1781, sol appl 27 Nov 1823 Hawkins Co TN & sol d 7 Oct 1841 & his wid appl 27 Mar 1850 Hawkins Co TN it appeared wid's name before m may have been Scarborough, children were; David b 30 Mar 1797, Elizabeth b 14 Feb 1799, John b 19 Feb 1801, William b 5 Feb 1803, Agnes b 11 Jul 1805, Jacob b 12 Nov 1807 & Edy b 11 Mar 1811 Joseph, Mary, R6293, MD Line, sol m Mary Ferguson in Talbot Co MD in 1821 (application for license was made 8 Feb 1821), wid appl 21 Dec 1857 at Easton MD, sol d in 1834 about 1 mile from Trappe in Talbot Co MD LEONARD, Joseph, Mary, R6293, MD Line, sol m Mary Ferguson in Talbot Co MD in 1821 (application for license was made 8 Feb 1821), wid appl 21 Dec 1857 at Easton MD, sol d in 1834 about 1 mile from Trappe in Talbot Co MD LEONARD, Josiah, Lurany or Lurana, W24523, MA Line, sol m Lurany Keith of Middleborough MA on 13 May 1784 & he was of Buckland MA when they were m, he lived at Bridgewater MA at enl, sol appl 8 Aug 1832 Plymouth Co MA, sol was b 8 Aug 1754 at Bridgewater MA & in 1784 he moved to Buckland MA then in Hampshire Co but now in Franklin Co MA for 7 yrs & in 1791 he moved to Middleborough MA & his wid appl there in May 1844 aged 80, sol d 25 Nov 1839, a Nathan Leonard of Seekonk in Bristol Co MA made aff'dt on 17 Dec 1830 but did not state a relationship to sol LEONARD, Justin, Theodosia, W20458, BLW #13735-160-55, MA Line, sol lived at West Springfield MA at enl, he appl 8 Aug 1832 Hampden Co MA aged 69, wid appl 23 Oct 1840 Cayuga Co NY aged 75, sol & wid had m 12 Apr 1789 & sol d 12 Dec 1835, wid appl for BLW 23 Apr 1855 New Haven Co CT & a Timothy & Martha Barker were witnesses to her 1855 aff'dt, children were; John b 25 Feb 1790, Martha b 5 Oct 1793 & she m Sylvanus Griswold 15 Apr 1813 & she m 2nd to Timothy Barker, Jr. 28 May 1827, a son not alive b 6 Feb 1798, Justin b 20 May 1799, Asaph D. b 29 Nov 1801 & Christopher b 28 Sep 1806 LEONARD, Lot, Frances, R6291, NJ & PA Line, sol was b in Nov 1755 in Morris Co NJ & he lived there at enl & after this srv he moved with his father's family to Greene Co PA & he also enl there & he appl there 16 Sep 1834, sol m Frances Willis 13 May 1821, sol d 7 Nov or 7 Dec 1847 (both dates shown) in Washington Co PA & was referred to as Rev Lot Leonard, wid appl 22 Sep 1856 Washington Co PA aged 62 LEONARD, Michael, S30542, VA Line, appl 12 Oct 1835 Grant Co KY, sol was b in the spring of 1760 in Rowan Co NC & in 1779 he moved to Riddles Station in KY & he lived there at enl & was taken prisoner at age of 14 & in 1784 he settled again in Bourbon Co KY & in 1786 he moved to Lexington KY & in 1797 he moved to Scott Co KY & in 1803 he moved to what is now Nicholas Co KY then moved to Harrison Co KY & in 1808 he returned to Scott Co KY & in 1809 he moved to Grant Co KY LEONARD, Moses, S13749, MA Line, sol was b 21 Jun 1763 at Preston CT & he lived at Worthington MA at enl & after the Rev he moved to Shoreham VT for 17 yrs then moved to Chittenden Co VT & he appl there 1st May 1833, on 22 Apr 1835 sol had moved to Monroe Co NY to live with a daughter (not named) & he stated he intended to soon relocate to Chatauqua Co NY LEONARD, Nathan B. Anstus or Antris, W21568, BLW #19502-160-55, MA Line, sol appl 8 Oct 1832 Providence Co RI aged 71, sol was b 4 Jul 1761 at Bridgewater MA & he lived there at enl, sol m Anstus or Anstris Kent 7 Aug 1784 at Swanzey MA & sol was of Rehoboth MA when they were m, wid appl 22 Jan 1855 at New Bedford MA aged 86, sol d 9 Apr 1854, wid appl for BLW 13 Apr 1855 aged 87, a Barnabas Collins & Sarah E. Thompson both of New Bedford MA were witnesses to wid's BLW appl LEONARD, Nathaniel, Esther, W24513, Cont & NJ Line, sol m Esther Heath 14 Aug 1779 at Southampton in Bucks Co PA, sol d 15 Oct 1823, wid d 7 Jan 1846 in Henry Co IN leaving children; Zephaniah Leonard, Mary wife of John Curry, James & Nathaniel Leonard, Elizabeth wife of Joseph Cooper, Esther wife of Wm. D. Harden, John Leonard, Nancy wife of John Widows LEONARD, Nathaniel, S13744, MA Line, sol was a son of Nathaniel & Mary Leonard & was b 25 Mar 1755 at Taunton MA & sol lived there at enl, sol appl 5 Oct 1832 Bristol Co MA a res of Taunton MA LEONARD, Nathaniel, BLW #1272-300-11 Jun 1789, srv as a Capt in the NJ Line, no papers LEONARD, Nehemiah, S18488, MA Line, sol was b 13 Feb 1755 at Norton MA, he lived at Mansfield in Bristol Co MA at enl & he appl there 28 Aug 1832 LEONARD, Noah, Mehitable, W20457, MA Line, sol was b 17 Mar 1766, he lived at Middleborough in Plymouth Co MA at enl, he appl 13 Apr 1818 Oneida Co NY, in 1820 sol's wife's mother Mehetabel Richmond was living with them & his wife's mother was b 19 Jul 1739, sol m Mehetabel (Richmond) in 1787 & she was b 14 Sep 1770, sol d 21 Feb 1844 at Augusta NY where he had lived since 1819, wid d 23 Feb 1844 at Augusta NY, children were; Simeon b 25 Jun 1788, Isaac R. b 22 Apr 1793, Noah, Jr. b 13 Nov 1796, Henry b 17 Aug 1802, Abigail b 7 Jul 1805 & he d in 1824 & Otis b 3 Aug 1810, in 1844 the son Noah Leonard was a res of Marshall in Oneida Co NY & stated surviving children of dec'd sol & wid were; Simeon of Lodi in Erie Co NY, Isaac of Cattaraugus Co NY, Noah of Marshall NY & Otis of Augusta NY, in 1819 an Abiezer Richmond was living in 1819 & in 1819 a Joshua Richmond lived near sol in 1818 LEONARD, Patrick, S36038, CT & PA Line, appl 27 Jun 1818 Hamilton Co OH aged 77, on 26 Jul 1820 sol had moved to Campbell Co KY LEONARD, Patrick, BLW #4843-100-5 Nov 1789, srv as a Pvt in the Arty in the PA Line LEONARD, Patrick, BLW #9843-100-5 Nov 1789, srv as a Pvt in Proctor's Arty LEONARD, Phinehas, wid Content, W1199, MA Line, sol was b in 1751 at West Springfield in Hampden Co MA & he lived there at enl & sol appl there 12 Nov 1836 & sol d there 16 Nov 1847 & his wid appl there 12 Dec 1848 aged 85, sol had m Content Wheeler on 20 Jan 1795 at her father's at Montgomery MA LEONARD, Richard, BLW #9806h-100-19 Nov 1789 assignee John Baldwin, srv as a Pvt in the PA Line LEONARD, Robert, BLW #7404-100-1 Oct 1791, srv as a Pvt in the NY Line LEONARD, Robert, Naomi, W24511, NY Line, sol appl 17 May 1818 NY City NY, in 1820 sol had moved to Troy NY aged 58 & referred to a daughter aged 13 & a son aged 11 (no names), sol m Naomi ( -- ) on 11 Aug 1785 at Saratoga NY, sol d 20 May 1841, wid appl 25 Mar 1843 in NY City NY aged 75 LEONARD, Robert, BLW #12320-100-29 May 1792 assignee Robt Means, srv as a Pvt in the VA Line LEONARD, Rowland, Lucy, W13619, MA Line, sol was a son of Joseph, Jr. & Ruth Leonard & was b 24 Apr 1761 at Middleboro MA. sol appl 10 Sep 1832 Plymouth Co MA, sol m Lucy Briggs of Wareham MA on 21 Jul 1793 & sol was of Carver MA when they were m, wid appl 13 Jan 1839 Plymouth Co MA aged 66, sol d 3 Nov 1838 LEONARD, Samuel, S554, Cont & NJ Line, sol enl at Morristown NJ, appl 4 Apr 1818 Morris Co NJ, in 1820 sol was aged 63 & stated he had 7 children of which 3 lived at home, towit; Nancy aged 28, Mary aged 23 & Jeremiah aged 18, sol's wife (not named) had died about 1810 LEONARD, Samuel, S29293, MA Line, sol appl 29 Aug 1832 Plymouth Co MA aged 79, one Jacob Leonard of Bridgewater where he had lived all his life made aff'dt 13 Aug 1832 aged 75 & stated the sol Samuel Leonard had also lived at Bridgewater when he enl (both srv in the Rev War) LEONARD, Seth, S32986, Cont & MA Line, appl 1 Apr 1818 at Raynham in Bristol Co MA, in 1820 sol was aged 68 & he had no other person in his family LEONARD, Silas, S31818, CT & MA Line, appl 2 Aug 1832 Litchfield Co CT, sol was b 15 Feb 1757 at Raynham in Bristol Co MA & he was living at Mid Middleborough MA at enl & at the end of the Rev he moved to Kent MA LEONARD, Simeon, S40929, Cont & MA Line, appl 6 Apr 1818 Rutland Co VT, in 1820 sol was aged 66 with a wife Keziah aged 66 & a daughter Melancy aged 22 living with sol & sol state he lived with a son (not named) who supported him, in 1826 sol had moved to Yates Co NY to lived with a son & daughter LEONARD, Solomon, Sarah, W20466, CT, Cont & MA Line, sol was b 13 Mar 1759 & he m Sarah Sarah Hanks 27 May 1784 & she was b 22 Nov 1762, sol appl 23 Jan 1833 Wayne Co NY, sol enl at Killingly in Windham Co CT & later srv as a sub for his father Jesse Leonard & sol later enl at Windsor in Berkshire Co MA, sol was b at Killingly CT in 1759, wid appl 20 Jan 1844 Wayne Co NY aged 81, sol d 21 Jun. 1842, a son Jacob Leonard aged 47 made aff'dt 19 Jan 1844 Wayne Co NY, children were; Hannah b 22 Jun 1785, Submit b 5 Jan 1787, Jesse b 20 Jan 1789, Lucy b 6 Apr 1790, Sargeant b 2 Apr 1792, Levi b 10 Jun 1794, Jacob Sargeant Leonard b 23 Jul 1796, Samuel b 24 Jul 1798 & Solomon b 27 Mar 1803 & d 21 Jun 1812 LEONARD, Solomon, S31206, MA Line, sol was b in 1759 at Raynham in Bristol Co MA & he lived there at enl, he appl 29 Aug 1832 at Taunton in Bristol Co MA LEONARD, Stephen, S42831, NJ Line, sol enl at Mount Holly NJ, appl 11 Apr 1818 at Manlius in Onondaga Co NY, in 1820 sol was aged 67 with a wife Lois aged 58 & a daughter Harmah Goodrich & her 5 children (no names) who had formerly lived at Pompey NY were living with sol, a son David H. Leonard was referred to in the claim (his age wasn't given), sol d 25 Mar 1831 LEONARD, Sylvanus or Sylvanus Learned, Sally, W15021, BLW #18392-160-55, NH & VT Line, see Sylvanus Learned LEONARD, Thomas, Esther, W3098, NJ Line, sol was b 22 Aug 1753 in Somerset Co NJ & he lived in Hunterdon Co NJ at enl, sol appl 5 Dec 1832 Beaver Co PA & sol d there 28 Jan 1836, sol had m Esther ( -- ) on 6 Jun 1781 in Cumberland Co PA & she was b 6 Feb 1762, wid appl 26 Sep 1838 Beaver Co PA, children were; Priscilla b 3 Nov 1781, Mary b 8 Jan 1784, Abner b 11 Apr 1786, Clarissa b 21 Nov 1788, Lucretia b 19 Jan 1791, Absalom b 28 Nov 1792, Hiel b 12 Apr 1795, Eli b 17 May 1797 & Alvah b 5 Sep 1799, also shown were; Samuel son of Nathaniel & Anna Leonard b 10 Dec 1716 & d 3 Feb 1810 aged 93 yrs 1 mth 24 days, Mary Leonard wife of Samuel Leonard d 28 Jan 1793 aged 77 yrs 4 mths 14 days & she was the daughter of Stephen & Mary (surname was illegible) LEONARD, Timothy, Mary, W24503, Cont & MA Line, sol was b 14 Dec 1755 & he m Mary Baldwin 11 Dec 1788 & she was b 20 Jan 1761, children were; Anne B. b 15 Nov 1789 & she m Peleg R. Allen 17 Oct 1817, Miriam b 15 Aug 1791 & she m David Raymond 7 Aug 1816, Elizabeth b 22 Mar 1793, Mary b 3 Dec 1795 & she m Charles Marsh, Jr. 27 Nov 1816, Cornelia b 29 Aug 1798 & she m Thomas S. Perkins 4 Jan 1818, Timothy b 6 May 1802, Frederick B. b 13 Jul 1804 & he m Margaret Caroline Nicholas 25 May 1835 & Edward A. b in May 1806 & he m Sarah Ann Morris 4 Aug 1823 & she d 26 Aug 1837 at Alexandria LA, also shown were; Charles Marsh d 3 Jul 1817 at New Albany IN, P.R. Allen d at Shawneetown IL, the son Timothy Leonard d 15 Jul 1802, D. Raymond d at St Francisville LA, sol's bro Thaddeus Leonard of West Springfield MA was aged 76 & made aff'dt 28 Aug 1838 & referred to his twin bros Timothy & Enoch Leonard who were 6 yrs older than he was & both had srv in the Rev Army & stated they had enl at Springfield MA the part that became West Springfield MA, wid appl 7 Sep 1838 Rensselaer Co NY, sol d 12 Apr 1814 LEONARD, William, BLW #4580-100-22 Aug 1789 to Moses Ashley, srv as a Pvt in the MA Line LEONARD, William, S35519, NJ Line, appl 19 Jun 1818 Barren Co KY, on 9 Nov 1825 sol had moved to Mercer Co KY & gave his age as 78 LEONARD, William, Priscilla D., W26212, BLW #26424-160-55, NC Line, sol m Priscilla D. (Leonard) 9 Dec 1834 & sol d 1 Apr 1852, sol lived in Bute Co NC the part that became Franklin Co NC at enl, sol had appl 12 Sep 1832 Franklin Co NC, sol was b 2 Jun 1760 in Prince George Co VA, wid appl 9 Apr 1855 Franklin Co NC aged 52 LEONARD, Zephaniah, BLW #13328-100-6 Aug 1789, srv as a Sgt in the Sappers & Miners LEONARD, Ziba or Zeba, S29963, MA Line, appl 10 Apr 1818 Franklin Co MA aged 63 in 1820 sol had a wife & 4 children at home; daughters aged 23, 14 & 10 also a son aged 17, sol stated in 1820 that he owed Ziba Leonard, Jr. $300, sol reapplied 15 Nov 1832 at Ashfield in Franklin Co MA, sol was b in 1756 at Bridgewater in Plymouth Co MA & he lived there at enl LEONARDSON, John T. or John T. Lenardson, Sarah, R6294, NY Line, see John T. Leonardson CONTINUE HERE https://archive.org/details/genealogicalabst0000whit/page/2059/mode/1up

The history of early European settlers in New York and Pennsylvania is rich and complex, shaped by various groups whose identities often overlap or confuse modern readers. Among these groups, the Palatine Germans, Netherland Dutch, Pennsylvania Dutch, Low Dutch, and High Dutch stand out for their distinct origins, languages, and cultural influences. Understanding their differences helps clarify the early colonial history of the region and sheds light on the roots of many American families today. Origins and Arrival in America Palatine Germans The Palatine Germans originated from the Palatinate region in southwestern Germany - then called the region of Pfalz in the Holy Roman Empire. This area suffered severe hardship during the late 17th and early 18th centuries due to war, famine, and religious persecution. Seeking better opportunities, many Palatines emigrated to the American colonies, arriving primarily between 1708 and 1710. Most Palatine Germans settled in New York, particularly along the Hudson River Valley. The British Crown encouraged their settlement to bolster the population and develop the frontier. These settlers were mostly Protestant and brought with them German dialects and customs. Netherland Dutch The Netherland Dutch came from the Netherlands, a distinct cultural and linguistic group from the Germans. They were among the earliest European settlers in what became New York, originally establishing the colony of New Netherland in the early 1600s. The Dutch influence remains strong in place names like Harlem and Brooklyn. The Netherland Dutch settlers spoke Dutch, a Germanic language but distinct from German dialects. They arrived decades before the Palatine Germans, with the first settlements dating back to 1624. Their presence shaped the early political and cultural landscape of New York. Pennsylvania Dutch The term "Pennsylvania Dutch" is often misunderstood. It does not refer to Dutch from the Netherlands but rather to German-speaking immigrants, primarily from the Palatinate and other parts of southwestern Germany. The word "Dutch" here is an anglicized form of "Deutsch," meaning German. These settlers arrived mainly in the 18th century, settling in Pennsylvania, which offered religious freedom and fertile land. The Pennsylvania Dutch developed a unique culture blending German traditions with American influences. Their language, Pennsylvania German, is a dialect derived from Palatine German. Low Dutch and High Dutch The terms Low Dutch and High Dutch historically distinguished between different Germanic language groups. Low Dutch referred to the Dutch language spoken in the Netherlands, a Low Germanic language. High Dutch referred to the German dialects spoken in the mountainous southern regions of Germany, including the Palatinate. In colonial America, Low Dutch typically meant settlers from the Netherlands, while High Dutch referred to German-speaking immigrants. This distinction helps explain some of the confusion around the term "Dutch" in American history. Common First Names Among the Groups Names provide insight into cultural identity and heritage. Each group brought naming traditions reflecting their language and religion. Palatine Germans Palatine Germans favored traditional Germanic and biblical names. Common male names included: Johann (John) Heinrich (Henry) Wilhelm (William) Friedrich (Frederick) Georg (George) Female names often included: Anna Maria Elisabeth Margaretha Katharina These names were often passed down through generations, sometimes anglicized over time. Netherland Dutch The Netherland Dutch used Dutch forms of Biblical and traditional names. Male names included: Jan (John) or Janse/Janssen, meaning son of Jan Pieter (Peter) or Pieterse, meaning son of Peter Casper or Casperse/Casparse, meaning son of Casper Willem (William) Gerrit (Garret) or Gerritse, meaning son of Gerrit Hendrick (Henry) or Hendrickse, meaning son of Hendrick Cornelis (Cornelius) Claes (Nicholas) Teunis Palatine Germans typically did not use “-se / -sen” patronymics in New York records. This patrynomic pattern is a dead giveaway for Dutch. Female names included: Maria Anna Elisabeth Geertruy (Gertrude) Catharina Dutch naming customs included patronymics, where a child’s surname was derived from the father’s first name. Pennsylvania Dutch Since Pennsylvania Dutch descended mainly from Palatine Germans, their names were similar but evolved uniquely in America. Male names included: Jacob Samuel Michael Daniel Peter Female names included: Susanna Barbara Magdalena Elizabeth Catherine The Pennsylvania Dutch often used diminutives and nicknames, reflecting their close-knit communities. Settlement Patterns in New York and Pennsylvania New York New York was initially dominated by Netherland Dutch settlers who established New Amsterdam. After the English took control in 1664, the Dutch influence remained strong culturally and linguistically. Palatine Germans arrived later, settling mainly in the Hudson Valley and contributing to agricultural development. The Palatines were often settled in communities like Germantown and Rhinebeck. Their presence added a Germanic layer to the already Dutch-influenced region. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania became a primary destination for German-speaking immigrants, including Palatine Germans, starting in the early 1700s. The colony’s policy of religious tolerance attracted many seeking freedom from persecution. The Pennsylvania Dutch settled in rural areas, forming farming communities in Lancaster, Berks, and surrounding counties. Their culture thrived, maintaining language and customs well into the 19th century. Language and Cultural Differences Language was a key marker distinguishing these groups. The Netherland Dutch spoke Dutch, which is closer to English than German. Palatine Germans and Pennsylvania Dutch spoke German dialects, with Pennsylvania Dutch evolving into a distinct dialect. Culturally, the Netherland Dutch brought Reformed Protestant traditions, while Palatine Germans were often Lutheran or Reformed. Pennsylvania Dutch communities included Amish and Mennonite groups, known for their plain dress and simple living. Why the Confusion Exists The confusion around these groups arises because of the overlapping use of the word "Dutch." English speakers historically used "Dutch" to refer to both the people of the Netherlands and German-speaking immigrants. This led to terms like Pennsylvania Dutch, which actually means Pennsylvania Germans. Additionally, migration patterns and intermarriage blurred cultural lines. Some families have mixed Dutch and German ancestry, making it harder to distinguish origins without detailed genealogical research. Summary of Key Differences Group Origin Language Arrival Period Common Names Settlement Area Palatine Germans Palatinate, Germany German dialect (High Dutch) 1708–1710 Johann, Heinrich, Wilhelm New York (Hudson Valley) Netherland Dutch Netherlands Dutch (Low Dutch) Early 1600s Jan, Pieter, Willem New York (New Amsterdam) Pennsylvania Dutch German-speaking (Palatinate) Pennsylvania German 18th century Jacob, Samuel, Michael Pennsylvania (Lancaster) Final Thoughts Understanding the distinctions between Palatine Germans, Netherland Dutch, Pennsylvania Dutch, Low Dutch, and High Dutch clarifies much about early American history. These groups contributed unique languages, customs, and traditions that shaped New York and Pennsylvania. Recognizing their origins and differences helps modern readers appreciate the rich cultural heritage embedded in these regions. Resources The Palatines of New York State : a complete compilation of the history of the Palatines who first came to New York State in 1708-1722 , by Palatine Society of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of New York and New England, Inc. A collection of upwards of thirty thousand names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and other immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1727-1776 : with a statement of the names of ships, whence they sailed, and the date of their arrival at Philadelphia, chronologically arranged, together with the necessary historical and other notes, also, an appendix containing lists of more than one thousand German and French names in New York prior to 1712 , by Rupp, I. Daniel (Israel Daniel), 1803-1878 The German emigration from New York province into Pennsylvania ... prepared at the request of the Pennsylvania-German society , by Richards, Matthias Henry, 1841-1898; Richards, Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, 1848-1935

The Mohawk Dutch language represents a fascinating chapter in the history of cultural exchange in North America. This hybrid language emerged from the interaction between Dutch settlers and the Mohawk people during the 17th century. Understanding what Mohawk Dutch sounded like offers insight into how languages blend and evolve, reflecting the complex relationships between communities. This post explores the distinctive features of Mohawk Dutch, its sound patterns, and its role in cultural identity. Origins of the Mohawk Dutch Language Mohawk Dutch arose in the early colonial period when Dutch traders and settlers established contact with the Mohawk Nation, part of the Iroquois Confederacy. The Dutch presence in what is now New York State created opportunities for trade, alliances, and cultural exchange. Language became a bridge for communication, leading to a pidgin or creole that combined elements of Dutch and Mohawk. This language was not a formal dialect but a practical tool used in daily interactions. It incorporated Dutch vocabulary with Mohawk grammar and pronunciation influences, or vice versa, depending on the speaker’s background. The result was a unique linguistic blend that served both communities. What Mohawk Dutch Sounded Like Reconstructing the exact sound of Mohawk Dutch is challenging due to limited written records and the oral nature of the language. However, linguistic research and historical accounts provide clues about its phonetic qualities. Pronunciation Features Dutch Influence : The Dutch language contributed many consonant sounds, such as the guttural "g" and the "sch" sound, which is a combination of "s" and "ch." These sounds were likely softened or adapted by Mohawk speakers. Mohawk Influence : Mohawk’s use of glottal stops and nasal vowels influenced the rhythm and intonation of the hybrid language. Mohawk is a polysynthetic language, meaning it often combines many morphemes into one word, which affected how Dutch words were shortened or modified. Stress and Intonation : Mohawk Dutch probably had a different stress pattern than standard Dutch. Mohawk languages tend to emphasize syllables differently, which would have altered the melody of speech. Vocabulary and Syntax The vocabulary was a mix of Dutch trade terms and Mohawk words related to daily life, nature, and social structures. For example, Dutch words for goods like "brood" (bread) and "bier" (beer) might have been used alongside Mohawk terms for family and community roles. Syntax, or sentence structure, showed signs of fusion. Dutch typically follows a subject-verb-object order, while Mohawk uses a more flexible structure with verb prefixes and suffixes indicating subjects and objects. Mohawk Dutch likely simplified these rules to facilitate communication. Cultural Significance of Mohawk Dutch The language was more than a communication tool; it symbolized cooperation and coexistence. It helped establish trade relationships and political alliances between the Dutch and the Mohawk people. Speaking Mohawk Dutch could signal trust and mutual respect. For the Mohawk people, incorporating Dutch elements into their language reflected adaptability and openness to new influences without losing their cultural core. For Dutch settlers, learning Mohawk Dutch was a practical necessity and a sign of respect for the indigenous culture. Though Mohawk Dutch eventually faded as English became dominant, its legacy remains in historical records and place names. Some words and expressions influenced local dialects and contributed to the linguistic diversity of the region. Examples of Mohawk Dutch Sounds and Words A Sample of “Mohawk Dutch” (circa 1770s): “Morgen, neighbor. I ben early out today—de frost liegt schwer on de corn. My vrouw says we must bring de wheat to de mill before de roodcoats come again. De Indians been moving up de river, und Sir John’s men make much trouble. We stay near Fort Paris tonight, ja? It is safer so.” The Same Passage in Modern English: “Good morning, neighbor. I’ve been out early today—the frost lies heavy on the corn. My wife says we must bring the wheat to the mill before the British soldiers come again. The Indians have been moving up the river, and Sir John’s men are causing trouble. We’ll stay near Fort Paris tonight, yes? It’s safer that way.” Linguistically, we can hear several layers colliding: Dutch grammar & particles “I ben early out”  → from Dutch “Ik ben vroeg uit” “de frost ligt”  → Dutch verb usage German words embedded naturally morgen  (morning) frau / vrouw  (wife) und  (and) ja  (yes) English nouns neighbor, mill, wheat, river, fort, redcoats Mohawk Dutch was a unique language born from necessity and cooperation. Its sound combined Dutch consonants and Mohawk rhythms, creating a distinct voice that carried the stories of two cultures coming together. Understanding this language enriches our knowledge of North American history and the ways language shapes human connection. Exploring Mohawk Dutch encourages us to listen closely to the voices of the past and recognize the ongoing influence of cultural exchange in shaping language and identity. For anyone interested in language history or indigenous cultures, Mohawk Dutch offers a compelling example of how sound and meaning travel across communities. Did any of your ancestors speak Mohawk Dutch? Tell us about them in the comments below! #mohawk #dutch #language #hollenbeck #dykeman

John Hollenbeck, my 4th great-grandfather, was born about 1775 in Stone Arabia, New York. At the time, the town was in Tryon County, which was renamed Montgomery County in 1784. His family arrived in Cortland County, New York, between 1816 and 1818. Trying to identify John Hollenbeck on the census prior to his arrival in Cortland County has proven to be a challenge. Here's what we know: John probably still lived in the home of his father, said to have been William Hollenbeck, when the 1790 and possibly the 1800 census were taken. Since he married Hannah Conrad in Schoharie County on January 18, 1803, we can probably expect to find him on the 1810 census but there were 19 matches for John Hollenbeck on the 1810 census in New York. According to the Hollenbeck family Bible, their first daughter, Nancy, was born in 1805 in Sharon, Schoharie County and their next child, William was born in 1807 in the same place. Between 1807 and 1808, they left Sharon and their daughter Catherine was born in 1808 in "Susquehanna, New York". Where she was actually born is a mystery, since there is no place called Susquehanna in New York. There is a town and a county named Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, however. Did they row down the Susquehanna River and cross the border unknowingly, or perhaps they weren't aware that the boundary had been established after some dispute between the two states? Note: Susquehanna County was created on February 21, 1810, from part of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. See update on Wikitree . In 1809, their son Jacob was born in the same place, and in late 1810, their son John was born there as well. Lany followed in 1812, and Henry, born in 1816, was the final birth recorded there. Between 1816 and 1818, they left this home they called "Susquehanna" and their next child, Eva, was born in Cortland County in 1818. Nelly followed in 1820 and, finally, Nicholas was born in 1822. In 1824, four of John and Hannah's children were Christened in Cobleskill. Click here for details . There had been some border disputes between New York and Pennsylvania (Blakely 34). Since we know he came from the region near Cooperstown, where the Susquehanna River begins and we believe they traveled down the Susquehanna River, I created this map tracing the Susquehanna River's path across New York, into Pennsylvania, back in to New York, and out to Pennsylvania again, to help visualize the possibilities. On the above map, the blue markers indicate the places where men named John Hollenbeck were found when the census was taken in 1810. Notice, there were only two that were on or near the Susquehanna River, as follows: First, there was a "John Hollenbeck" household in Wyalusing, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. Wyalusing is on the Susquehanna River, ten miles from the New York border and about 39 miles from the town of Susquehanna, as follows. The household contained the following people: There were 2 free white males age 0-9 (born bet. 1801-1810). There was one free white male age 16-25 (born bet. 1785-1794). There was one free white male age 26-44 (born bet. 1766-1784). There was one free white female age 0-9 (born bet. 1801-1810). There were 2 free white females age 16-25 (born bet. 1785-1794). This does not appear to be John's household. His should have had two girls and one or two boys under the age of ten , depending on exactly when his son John was born in 1810 (and he may have been born in early 1811). Unless it was a relative or other boarder, he should have had no males age 16-25. The age of the oldest male in the household does match John's age in 1810 (approx. 35), however his wife, Hannah was born in 1783 and would have been about 27 in 1810, which conflicts with the age of the woman in Wyalusing. This is what John's household should have reported for the 1810 census, providing his son John was born after the census was taken: The only other John Hollenbeck living on the Susquehanna River in 1810 was found in Otego, Otsego County, New York as follows: 1810 Census Otego, Otsego County, New York There were 2 free white males age 0-9 (born bet. 1801-1810). William was born in 1807 and Jacob was born in 1809. There was one free white male age 26-44 (born bet. 1766-1784). John was born in 1767/77. There were 2 free white females age 0-9 (born bet. 1801-1810). Nancy was born in 1805 and Catherine was born in 1808. There was one free white female age 16-25 (born bet. 1785-1794). *Hannah was born in 1783. This household is nearly a perfect match for that of our John Hollenbeck. The only discrepancy is the age of the oldest female in the house, presumably John Hollenbeck's wife. We know Hannah was born in 1783, but once again, the oldest woman in the household in Otego was reportedly born between 1785 and 1794. This could easier be a mathematical error, especially considering that schools were not fully established yet. Note also that a search for this family on the 1820 census produced no results in Otego. This Hollenbeck family in Otego was only counted there on the 1810 census and there were no other Hollenbecks there in that decade. Otego is 41 miles southwest of Sharon and 47 miles east of Cincinnatus. It seems highly likely that the place the Hollenbeck family record calls "Susquehanna, New York", was actually Otego, New York. "In 1800 it [Otego] was a hemlock swamp with only one frame house in the vicinity" (Blakely xi). This tidbit could explain the confusion about where they were. It was an undeveloped and virtually uninhabited swamp land along the Susquehanna River. Perhaps they didn't know where they actually were, only that they were on the Susquehanna and therefore called it by that name? The Indian name, Otego, was spelled "Atege" and "Wauteghe" on a map of 1826. On an earlier map, it had been spelled "Atega", "Atiga" and "Adiga" (Blakely 21). We can see Adiga Creek on this old 1777 map of New York. We also see Cobus Kill (Cobleskill), the place where four of John's children were baptized in 1824. New York in 1777 The map shown below marks the approximate route John Hollenbeck and his family would have made on their journey to Cincinnatus if his was, in fact, the family living in Otego in 1810. The route starts at John's birth place, in Stone Arabia. In 1820 John Hollenbeck's household in Cincinnatus, Cortland County, New York contained the following: There were 2 free white males age 0-9 (born bet. 1811-1820). Henry was born in 1816. John was born abt. 1810. There were 2 free white males age 10-15 (born bet. 1805-1810). Jacob was born in 1809. William was born in 1807. There was one free white male age 45 or older (born bet. 1700-1775). John was born in abt. 1775. There were 4 free white females age 0-9 (born bet. 1811-1820). Eva was born in 1818, Lany was born in 1812, Mary was born in 1813. There were 2 free white females age 10-15 (born bet. 1805-1810). Nancy was born in 1805 and Catherine was born in 1808. There was one free white female age 26-44 (born bet. 1776-1794). Hannah was born in 1783. In 1830 there were two households headed by men named John Hollenbeck in Willet, Cortland County, New York and none in Cincinnatus. They were John and his son, John S. Hollenbeck. John Hollenbeck's household was reported as follows: There was one free white male age 5-9 (born bet. 1821-1825). Nicholas was born 1822. There was one free white male age 10-14 (born bet. 1816-1820). Henry was born in 1816. There was one free white male age 15-19 (born bet. 1811-1815). It appears that Jacob (born in 1809) was mistakenly counted in this column. He would have been about 21 so he should have been counted in the column for males age 20-29. There was one free white male age 20-29 (born bet. 1801-1810). William was born in 1807. There was one free white male age 50-59 (born bet. 1771-1780). John was born abt. 1775. There was one free white female age 10-14 (born bet. 1816-1820). Eva was born in 1818. There were 2 free white females age 15-19 (born bet. 1811-1815). Lany was born in 1812 and Mary was born in 1813. There were 2 free white females age 20-29 (born bet. 1801-1810). Nancy was born in 1805 and Catherine was born in 1808. There was one free white female age 40-49 (born bet. 1781-1790). Hannah was born in 1783. John S. Hollenbeck's household contained himself, age 20-29, a female child under the age of 4 (born bet. 1826-1830) and two free white females age 20-29 (born bet. 1801-1810). Anyone with information about this family, or clues that could help us learn the family's history, please comment below or contact me! Tip: These census records were summarized and ages were calculated easily using my 1820 Census Helper and 1830 Census Helper ! Also available for 1790-1840. Bookmark it for help next time you are reviewing a census from 1790-1840. See More: A History of Otego by Stuart B. Blakely, 1907. [ Link ] John Hollenbeck The Hollenbeck branch of my family Free New York genealogy resources #hollenbeck #johnhollenbeck #cortlandcounty #willet #cincinnatus #cobleskill #stonearabia #otego #map

A simple church record can shine an abundance of light on our ancestors' pasts, as seen here in this transcription found on FamilySearch. It is a record of the Christening of my 3rd great-grandfather, Nicholas Hollenbeck. The event took place on October 13, 1824, and was recorded by the German Reformed Church in New Rhinebeck-Cobleskill, in Schoharie County, New York, but the children were baptized in Cincinnatus, according to the source. This record states that Nicholas was born on February 10, 1822, to "John Hallenbeek" and "Ann Coenrad". This matches the Hollenbeck Family Register, provided by Nancy Hollenbeck. Click here to read my blog about the Hollenbeck's confusion about "Susquehanna, N.Y." . The interesting part is that John and Hannah were in Cincinnatus, New York by 1820. The Christening took place in Cobleskill, which is located near Sharon, where John's first two children were reportedly born, but did they really make the perilous journey of 85 miles all the way back there to have him christened? The answer is yes! A closer look at the records in this collection revealed that four of John and Hannah's children were christened there on the same day, : Nicholas Hallenbeek, born February 10, 1822 Henry Hallenbeek, born April 27, 1816 Eve Hallenbeek, born June 17, 1818 Mary Hallenbeek, born May 14, 1814 So we can see, the four Christenings on October 13, 1824, were John and Hannah's four youngest children. The others had probably already been Christened previously. There is a book called, "Records of the German Reformed Church in New Rhinebeck, Near Dorlach (or Sharon). Now the Reformed Church of Lawyersville, in the Town of Cobleskill, Schoharie County, N.Y.: Also Record of the Union Reformed Dutch Church of Cobleskill, 1827-1855", published in 1915, which may provide more information if a copy can be found. The photo of the Reformed Church at Cobleskill was published in the Historical Souvenir of Cobleskill , stating it was built in 1819. A visit to the location at the corner of Washington and West Main Street on Google Maps shows only a Masonic Lodge and no church there. Perhaps it was the Lawyersville Reformed Church in Cobleskill, which still stands today. Lawyersville & Sharon Reformed Church (Google Maps) Anyone with information about John Hollenbeck and his family, please comment below or contact me! Subscribe to blog for updates! Sources and more information: The Formation of Cortland County The Central New York Military Tract Historical souvenir of Cobleskill, N.Y. (p. 29 and 40) Lawyersville & Sharon Reformed Churches John Hollenbeck The Hollenbeck branch of my family Free New York genealogy resources #hollenbeck #schohariecounty #newyork #churchrecords #reformedchurch #german

One of my male Reese cousins, a direct male descendant of my Reese ancestors, took a DNA test , revealing new information about the line. His paternal haplogroup came up as R-L 1029 , information which can only be found in the Y-DNA (a male) direct descendant. According to his DNA results (Ancestry DNA), my Reese grandfather's paternal ancestry is as follows: Southern Germanic Europe 16% (see map from Ancestry below) Southeastern England & Northwestern Europe 10% Central Scotland & Northern Ireland 11% The Netherlands 3% North East England 5% West Midlands 4% Donegal, Ireland 1% Germany’s wealthiest and most scenic localities lie in its southernmost region, home to the German Alps and alpine lakes. It is also home to world-famous car manufacturers such as BMW and Audi, which power the economy and make the city of Munich one of the most expensive cities in Germany. Southern Germans also have a reputation for standing out culturally from other Germans. The saying “mia san mia” (“we are who we are”) expresses such pride. Southern Germans revel in their love of beer at the annual Oktoberfest fair, which showcases traditional food and drink like German pretzels and a specially brewed Wies’n Bier. ( Ancestry.com ) My Reese grandfather, who never drank a beer in his life, was told his family came from Wales and they lived in the mountains of Pennsylvania before moving into Central New York. The Pennsylvania part has since been confirmed and there was a Welsh Settlement in Pennsylvania, so it seemed to line up, although I've found no information past George Reese . There was also a large population of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) in Pennsylvania in colonial times. With more research, we can use this valuable information to determine the origins of our Reese family. To learn more about haplogroups, check out this short video: Click here for more information about DNA testing in genealogy . Click here for loads of free genealogy resources . Click here to learn more about the Reese family . Do you belong to this haplogroup? Let us know in the comments below or contact me . Reese Genealogy and DNA #Reese #DNA #DNAtest #GeorgeRees #haroldreese #MaynardReese #DavidReese #lloydreese #AbrahamReeseJr #AbrahamReese #josiahreese #LloydJohnReese #RebeccaAliceReese #JohnReese #genealogy #GeorgeReese

More than 13 million documents pertaining to the holocaust and its victims have been published online by Arolsen Archives, in partnership with the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial. These documents are part of "UNESCO's Memory of the World" and include items such as prisoner cards, incarceration documents, and death notices. Other items are still being added. Click here to access the collection . From there you can search click "Browse archive" to view the various collections. These are hand-written, typed forms and documents and some even include photographs and personal information. There is other important general holocaust material provided as well. For example, on the Browse Archive page, in " Incarceration Documents 1.1 - Camps and Ghettos ", an interactive map showing the location of each of the concentration camps is provided. The site takes a few minutes to load, but it is worth waiting for! Here's the link: https://arolsen-archives.org/en/ Click here for more resources to trace Jewish genealogy . Click here for thousands of free genealogy resources . #jewish #tribesofisrael #holocaust #records #resources #genocide