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In Chenango County, New York, there's an old hotel located at the corners of County Road 12 and Route 26. It started out as a hotel where dances were held and was later a store and post office, before being converted into apartments. In front of the building is a sign with the following: PINK HILL LEGEND - ZELLA DROFF WAS MURDERED IN 1870S BY HUSBAND FOR ATTENDING DANCES HERE AT FORMER PITCHER HOTEL. HER GHOST RETURNS TO TRAVELERS ON PINK HILL ROAD. The marker was sponsored by the New York Folklore Society and the William G. Pomeroy Foundation in 2018. The Pomeroy Foundation's website explains "the legend". According to the legend, the story began in 1870, when a middle-aged farmer named Ezra Droff married a young woman named Zella, who was only about 18 years old. He was old enough to be her father, and he acted like it too. Zella was prohibited from participating in picnics, socials, and dances. Young Stella, though, yearning for excitement, would sneak out at night to attend dances at the Pitcher Hotel after her husband fell asleep. One night, Ezra awoke in the middle of the night and discovered she was gone. He sat and waited for her to return and when she did, he ended her life with a butcher knife. Nothing more is known of Ezra Droff or his fate. The legend claims his home was abandoned with all its contents. The legend goes on when years later, a traveling salesman went to stay at the Pitcher Hotel. Set among beautiful rolling hills, the salesman was driving along the country roads when he saw a beautiful young girl walking. He stopped the car to talk to her and was surprised to hear she was headed to the Pitcher Hotel for a dance. He offered her a ride and in return, she offered him a dance. Naturally, he agreed. He took a turquoise shell comb from his case and gently placed it in her hair, a token of his admiration. When the night was over, he drove her back to the same spot where he first saw her. She insisted she could walk the remainder of the way home. The next day, Zella was still on the salesman's mind. He drove out to the road where he met her and tried to find her home, but he only saw an abandoned house and a cemetery. Confused, he went back to the hotel where the clerk told him the story of Zella's murder. He explained that she is buried in Pink Hill Cemetery. The salesman couldn't believe it. He had spoken to her, given her a ride - twice! And he had danced with her! He drove to the cemetery in disbelief and there he saw it - her tombstone. As he approached it, he saw something familiar - the turquoise shell comb sitting on the stone. I'm all for local history, so I was eager to share this story. First, I tried to find news articles to corroborate the story. I couldn't find any news articles containing the names Ezra or Zella Droff and I couldn't find them on the census or cemetery records, so I'm not sure this legend is a true one. I did find one story of a murder in Pitcher, though. The tragedy happened in July of 1931 on Pink Hill. A middle aged man shot his wife after she locked him out of the house for coming home drunk. (Cincinnatus Review, July 10, 1931, front page). Pink Hill was named after the Pink family, some of whom are buried in Pink Hill Cemetery. I visited the cemetery out of curiousity to see if there were any Groff burials there, but unfortunately most of the stones are too worn to read. Nothing further has been found. If you have knowledge of this story, please share!

Let's take a moment and recognize how fortunate we are to be anticipating America's 250th (Semiquincentennial) in 2026. The celebrations have already begun! Check america250.org for a full list of events scheduled. The Smithsonian is also hosting events to commemorate the anniversary. A must see online exhibition can also be found on their website here . It's a good time to brush up on your knowledge of the American Revolution! Here's what you need to know: The American Revolution (1775–1783) was a series of military and political struggles through which thirteen British colonies in North America won independence and became the United States. It began as a colonial protest against taxation and imperial control but evolved into a global conflict involving Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. The war unfolded in several phases—New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern campaigns—each marked by dramatic reversals of fortune. The opening clashes at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 ignited the war, as colonial militias confronted British troops near Boston. The bloody Battle of Bunker Hill soon followed, proving that the inexperienced colonists could stand against the world’s most powerful army. In 1776, George Washington’s daring victories at Trenton and Princeton revived American morale after the loss of New York. The turning point came in 1777 at Saratoga, where an entire British army surrendered, persuading France to ally with the Americans. The war shifted south in its final years. Despite early British successes in Georgia and the Carolinas, guerrilla warfare led by partisans like Francis Marion wore down royal forces. Washington’s and Rochambeau’s combined armies trapped General Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781, forcing his surrender and effectively ending the conflict. Sporadic fighting and negotiation continued until the Treaty of Paris was signed, on September 3, 1783, officially ending the war. Below is a list of all the major (and some minor) battles of the American Revolution. These are just a fraction of the hundreds of skirmishes and engagements that were part of America's fight for independence. Choose a link to watch a short video about any battle. You can also start at the beginning of the playlist on youTube here . Subscribe for updates! Major Battles of the American Revolutionary War: Get your 250th Anniversary Flag today! 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord – April 19, 1775 Siege of Boston – April 1775–March 1776 Battle of Chelsea Creek – May 27–28, 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga  - May 10, 1775 Battle of Machias, Maine - June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill) – June 17, 1775 Battle of Great Bridge, Virginia - December 9, 1775 1776 Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge – February 27, 1776 Battle of Sullivan’s Island (Charleston) – June 28, 1776 Declaration of Independence - July 4, 1776 Battle of Long Island (Brooklyn Heights) – August 27, 1776 Battle of Harlem Heights – September 16, 1776 Battle of Valcour Island - October 11, 1776 Battle of White Plains – October 28, 1776 Battles of Fort Washington & Fort Lee – November 16, 1776 Battle of Trenton – December 26, 1776 1777 Battle of Princeton – January 3, 1777 Battle of Ridgefield – April 27, 1777 Battle of Short Hills - June 26, 1777 Siege of Fort Ticonderoga - July, 1777 Siege of Fort Stanwix - August, 1777 Battle of Bennington - August 16, 1777 Battle of Cooch's Bridge - September 3, 1777 Battle of Brandywine – September 11, 1777 Battles of Saratoga (Freeman’s Farm & Bemis Heights) – September 19 & October 7, 1777 The Paoli Massacre - September 21, 1777 Siege of Fort Mifflin - September 26, 1777 Battle of Germantown – October 4, 1777 Battle of Fort Clinton & Fort Montgomery - October 6, 1777 Battle of Red Bank (Fort Mercer)  - October 22, 1777 Battle of White Marsh – December 5–8, 1777 Winter at Valley Forge - December 1777 1778 Battle of Monmouth – June 28, 1778 Battle of Wyoming - July 3, 1778 Battle of Rhode Island – August 29, 1778 Battle of St. Lucia (Caribbean) – December 15, 1778 1779 Battle of Kettle Creek – February 14, 1779 Sullivan Expedition - June to September, 1779 Battle of Stony Point – June 16, 1779 Battle of Paulus Hook - August 19, 1779 Siege of Savannah – September 16–October 18, 1779 1780 Battle of Waxhaws Creek  - May 29, 1780 Siege of Charleston – March 29–May 12, 1780 Battle of Springfield, New Jersey - June 23, 1780 Battle of Camden, South Carolina – August 16, 1780 Battle of King’s Mountain – October 7, 1780 1781 Battle of Cowpens, South Carolina  – January 17, 1781 Battle of Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina – March 15, 1781 Battle of Hobkirk’s Hill, South Carolina – March 15-April 25, 1781 Battle of Ninety Six (Siege) – May 22–June 19, 1781 Battle of Chesapeake, Virginia - September 5, 1781 Battle of Groton Heights, Connecticut - September 6, 1781 Battle of Eutaw Springs – September 8, 1781 Siege of Yorktown, Virginia – September 28–October 19, 1781 Each of these battles reflects the ebb and flow of the Revolution—an unlikely triumph of endurance, leadership, and the growing conviction that liberty was worth the cost. B y the grace of God and sheer American grit, we're still here 250 years later! #AmericanRevolution #RevolutionaryWar

Dutch baptismal names are a genealogist’s hall of mirrors: the same person can appear under three spellings, two languages, and one very patient minister. What follows is a practical, historically grounded list of common Dutch baptismal (given) names used in New Netherland, the Mohawk Valley, and early New York, paired with their English equivalents or customary Anglicized forms. These are not strict translations so much as socially accepted swaps used in church records, wills, militia rolls, and censuses. Male Dutch Baptismal Names → English Equivalents Adriaen / Adriaan → Adrian, Andrew Aert / Aart → Arthur Albertus → Albert Andries → Andrew Barent / Barend / Berent → Bernard, Barney Bastiaan → Sebastian Cornelis / Cornelius / Crelis → Cornelius, Charles, Neal Dirck / Dircksen / Diederick → Derek, Theodore Egbert → Edward Evert / Evertse → Everett Gerrit / Gerritje → Garrett Harman / Harmen → Herman Hendrick / Hendrik → Henry Isaac → Isaac (unchanged) Jacob / Jacobus → Jacob, James Jan → John Johannes → John Laurens → Lawrence Lucas → Luke Matthijs / Matthys → Matthew Michiel → Michael Nicolaas / Claes → Nicholas Pieter → Peter Reinier / Reynier → Rayner Roelof / Rolof → Ralph Rutger → Roger Symon → Simon Teunis / Antonius → Anthony Volkert / Folkert → Walter Willem → William Wouter → Walter Female Dutch Baptismal Names → English Equivalents Aaltje / Aeltje → Alice Agnes → Agnes Annetje / Anneke → Ann, Anna, Annie Apolonia → Polly Brechtje → Bridget Catalyntje / Catryna / Trijntje → Catherine, Trina Christina / Styntje → Christina Cornelia / Neeltje → Cornelia, Nellie Dirkje → Dorothy Elisabeth / Lysbeth / Betje → Elizabeth, Betsy Eva → Eve Geertruy / Geertje → Gertrude Grietje / Margriet → Margaret Hendrickje → Henrietta Hillegond / Hilletje → Hilda Jacoba → Jacobina, Jamesina Jannetje → Jane, Jean Johanna → Joanna, Hannah Lena / Leentje → Lena, Helen Magdalena / Lena → Magdalene Maritje / Maria → Mary Neeltje / Cornelia → Nellie Pieternella / Neeltie → Petronella, Nellie Rachel → Rachel Sara / Saartje → Sarah Tryntje / Trijntje → Catherine Willempje → Wilhelmina Other importants things to know about Dutch naming patterns The early Dutch had a system of naming their children - the first child (girl or boy) was named after the father's side. The second, after the mother's side, and so on. This can provide researchers with valuable clues. It's also helpful to know that Dutch records often used the following: Patronymics (Jan Hendricksen = Jan, son of Hendrick) Diminutives as legal baptismal names (Trijntje, Grietje, Aaltje) Latinized forms in church registers (Johannes, Cornelius) So, various records for the same person could be overlooked if you're not familiar with the alternate names. The church may have used one name, friends and family may have used another name, militia-men were sometimes given nicknames. Be sure to keep these points in mind when searching. Also, regarding surnames, remember the Dutch used patronymics. For example, Hendricksen is a patronymic - "son of Hendrick". Alternatively, Hendricks was used. Peterson was used for a "son of Peter", but some used Peters instead. Later records often replaced the patronymic with a fixed surname, often spelled different ways on different records. Example 1 Grietje Pieters - Grietje is a diminutive of Margriet (Margaret) Margaret Peterson - Pieters means “daughter of Pieter” Peggy Peters - English clerks Anglicize both the given name and the patronymic Margaret Hallenbeck - Marriage folds her into a surname that may already have three spellings Example 2 Teunis Hendricksen - Teunis is the Dutch short form of Antonius; Hendricksen is a patronymic (“son of Hendrick”) Antonius Hendrickse - Dutch Reformed baptism records often Latinize the name → Antonius; Surnames were sometimes shortened Anthony H. Hallenbeck - English civil records translate meaning, not sound → Anthony; Later records replace the patronymic with a fixed surname → Hallenbeck / Hollenbeck Anthony Hollenback - Spelling settles only after several generations, with various lines sometimes adopting alternate spellings Have you seen these names in your research? Are there names missing from the list? Tell us in the comments! #dutch #namingpatterns #patrynomic #dutchnames

We all seek birth, marriage, and death dates and places for every ancestor in our tree, but if you're not getting excited when you find a baptismal record, you might be missing out on some valuable clues. Prior to the mandate for reporting births to the State in the late 1800s, vital records were limited mostly to church records or entries in the family Bible, provided that names and dates were recorded there. Baptismal registers can provide more information than you might think! Following are a few things to know. When Children Were Baptized So often we find the date of a baptism, but no birth date. So, how do we know when they were born? We can't always assume they're an infant because adults were baptized occasionally, if they were a recent immigrant or convert to the church, usually noted by the minister. If the age or birth date is missing from the record, research the name or denomination of the church and when they typically performed the ritual. For example, Dutch settlers in the Netherlands and in New Netherland (colonial New York) normally baptized their infants within 3 to 14 days of birth , so if it was a Dutch Reformed or Lutheran Church, there's a good chance they were born the same year they were baptized. There was an urgency to perform the baptism as soon as possible, especially if the child appeared weak or sick or if there was sickness in the household. Delay was risky, both spiritually and socially. The theology behind this was that it marked the child as part of the covenant community, in the event of tragedy. There were certain factors that delayed baptism, however. One reason was that before there were churches in every town, ministers had circuits, serving multiple congregations. Baptisms sometimes had to wait until the minister was in town. If the minister was sick, the weather was bad, or the country was at war, baptisms could have been delayed from several weeks to several months. If the child was baptized the same day they were born or even the very next day, it could hint at fear for the child's survival. If the baptism was performed in winter, the child was probably born days before. If the baptism was in early spring or spring, the child could have been born recently or during the previous winter. The bottom line is this - if the baptism was delayed, it could indicate turmoil in the community - burned churches, militia musters, natural or other disasters. Examine the surrounding records in the baptismal registers. How often were baptisms recorded? Daily? Weekly? Monthly? Even these details offer clues. When multiple baptisms are recorded on the same day, it could indicate a traveling minister. For example, if you notice that baptisms were performed weekly, the child was probably born anytime within the previous 1-2 weeks. Pay Close Attention to the Sponsors Again, depending on the religion or denomination of the church, sponsors were almost always close family. For example, in traditional Dutch Reformed practice, especially in the 17th and 18th-century Netherlands and New Netherland, the people who sponsored a baptism were not chosen casually. They were part of a carefully maintained social and spiritual system that tied families together across generations. Here's how it usually worked: Who Sponsored Dutch Baptisms? 1. Grandparents (most common) The first choice was almost always a grandparent, often the one for whom the child was named. First son → paternal grandfather Second son → maternal grandfather First daughter → maternal grandmother Second daughter → paternal grandmother When a child was named Cornelis, Teunis, Trijntje, or Grietje, the sponsor list often confirms which Cornelis or Trijntje the family meant. This is gold for genealogy. 2. Aunts and Uncles (by blood, not marriage) If a grandparent had died or lived too far away, the role usually passed to: a mother’s sister a father’s brother Dutch custom favored blood kin over in-laws. Marriage connected families; baptism bound them. 3. Namesakes and Heirs Sometimes the sponsor was: a childless older relative a person whose name the child carried a relative expected to play a guiding or inheritance role This created a quiet social contract: moral responsibility, potential guardianship, and family obligation, all sealed with water and ink. 4. Neighbors (only when necessary) Neighbors or friends were chosen only when kin were unavailable—death, war, distance, or social rupture. When you see a non-relative sponsor in a baptism, it often signals: recent immigration family loss military service political division (very common during the Revolution) Why Sponsors Matter So Much Baptismal sponsors were not symbolic extras. They were potential guardians if parents died, but they were also anchors of naming tradition and provide clues to maiden names and kin networks. In frontier places, sponsors often confirm relationships that never appear elsewhere—especially before civil records existed. If a child is baptized with a Cornelis or Trijntje as sponsor, that name is not random. It is almost certainly a grandparent or aunt whose story runs just beneath the surface of the page. A Quiet Revolution-Era Twist During the American Revolution, this system strained. Men away in militia service, families displaced by raids, churches burned (as at Stone Arabia in 1780) meant sponsors increasingly included: cousins instead of grandparents widowed women standing alone neighbors filling in for shattered kin networks Those deviations aren’t mistakes. They’re historical fingerprints. Once you learn to read baptismal sponsorship, the records stop being lists of names and start becoming family ties. Breaking Brick Walls Now that you know what valuable clues can be found in baptismal records, maybe it's time to search for baptism records for your brick wall ancestor's children, siblings, nieces and nephews. One of them could contain the names of the parents or other relatives that could help. Many old church records are found online on sites like Ancestry.com and FamilySearch. They can also be found in old books, many of which can be found on Archive.org . Do some research about the early churches in the town or county your brick wall ancestor lived in and try searching to find their records. Click here for my list of some places to find church records .

From Genealogical abstracts of Revolutionary War pension files , by Virgil D. White, 1990, p. 2056-2060: For the list of abbreviations, see here . LEONARD, Adam, BLW #9814-100-29 Jun 1789 assignee M. McConnell, srv as a Pvt in the PA Line LEONARD, Amos, Marcy, W20462, MA Line, sol m Mercy or Marcy Green of Granby MA on 17 Oct 1788 & sol was of Brookfield MA, sol appl 1 Apr 1818 Oneida Co NY aged 69, in 1820 sol had a wife Mercy aged 60 & a daughter Mercy aged 21 at home, wid's bro David Green made aff'dt 29 Aug 1838 aged 73 a res of Bainbridge in Chenango Co NY & stated his sis m Amos Leonard at Granby MA, wid appl 25 Aug 1838 at Solon in Cortland Co NY aged 79, sol d 26 Mar 1825 at Solon NY, a son Orin Leonard made aff'dt 25 Aug 1838 at Solon in Cortland Co NY & stated wid was living with him LEONARD, Acrhippus, Asenath, W24507, MA Line, sol m Miss Asenath Cobb 6 Jan 1780 both were of Middleborough in Plymouth Co MA, sol appl 18 Apr 1818 Plymouth Co MA aged 61, in 1820 sol referred to a son aged 17, sol d 13 Jan 1833 or 1834 at Rochester in Plymouth Co NY & wid appl 1 Nov 1836 at Middleborough MA, aged 76, in 1843 she had moved to Freetown in Bristol Co MA, sol's bro Rowland Leonard was aged 65 in 1836 a res of Wareham MA LEONARD, Asa, Olive, W24518, CT & Cont Line, sol appl 19 Nov 1832 Tioga Co NY aged 73, sol lived at Bolton in Hartford Co CT at enl, sol was b in 1759 at Lyme in New London Co CT, after the Rev sol lived at Stockbridge & West Stockbridge MA then moved to Union in Tioga Co NY then to Berkshire in Broome & Tioga Cos NY, wid appl 17 Aug 1838 at Berkshire NY aged 73, sol m Olive Churchil on 11 Oct 1787 at Stockbridge MA, sol d 24 Mar 1836, family records; sol was b 30 Jan 1759 & his wife Olive (Churchil) was b in Feb 1764, children were; Polly b 11 Feb 1783, Solomon b 23 Nov 1784, Lucy b 3 Jan 1786, Anna b 16 Sep 1788 & she m Henry Griffing 16 Jul 1808 (he was aged 28), Levi b 5 Jul 1790, Nancy b 26 Apr 1792, Lewis b 30 Jul 1794, Henry b 14 Aug 1797, George W. b 5 Apr 1799, Sabrina b 28 Aug 1800, Amanda b 6 Aug 1802, Chester b 9 Oct 1805, also shown were; Julia Griffing b 2 May 1809, George Griffing b 23 Mar 1812, Franklin Griffing b 14 Sep 1814 & Amanda L. Griffing b 20 Sep 1818 LEONARD, Barnabas or Barney, Phebe, W24512, MA Line, see Barney Leonard LEONARD, Barney or Barnabas, Phebe, W24512, MA Line, sol m Phebe Bassett 5 Feb 1780 both were of Bridgewater in Plymouth Co MA & sol d there 21 Apr 1821 & his wid appl there 22 Aug 1838 aged 78, wid d 30 Oct 1838, a Joseph Bassett was of Bridgewater MA in 1838 but no relationship to wid was stated LEONARD, Benajah, Mary, W20436, CT Line, sol appl 20 Oct 1818 Warren Co NY, in 1820 sol was aged 62, sol was b 15 Oct 1758 & he d 29 May 1827, sol m Mary or Molly Canfield 23 Feb 1779 ?, one Enos Canfield made aff'dt 15 Nov 1837 at Arlington VT aged 67 & stated sol formerly lived at Arlington VT & had lived a near neighbor to him for 30 yrs then moved to Luzerne NY & he referred to sol's is Hannah the wife of Philo Hawley, the relationship of Enos Canfield to wid was not stated, wid appl 13 Apr 1837 at Arlington in Bennington Co VT aged 79 & wid gave m date as 17 Feb 1778 at Arlington VT LEONARD, Caleb, S29291, MA Line, appl 19 Jun 1833 Kennebec Co ME, sol was b in 1760 at Middlebury MA & he lived there at enl & about 1803 he moved to Sidney in Kennebec Co MA (ME) Cuff, S32982, BLW #1044-100, MA Line, appl 1 Apr 1818 at Raynham in Bristol Co MA, in 1820 sol was aged 61 with a wife Hagar aged 51 & Elizabeth Leonard aged 8 yrs, sol was still living in 1822 LEONARD, Daniel, Phebe, W24502, MA Line, sol m Phebe (Leonard) or Raynham MA in Nov 1781 & sol was of Bridgewater MA, wid appl 20 Jun 1840 Windsor Co VT aged 80 a res of Sharon VT, sol d 12 Jul 1829, a Jacob Leonard of Bridgewater MA aged 32 made aff'dt in 1840 & stated he had srv with Daniel Leonard LEONARD, David, S13731, NJ & NY Line, appl 27 Nov 1835 Wayne Co PA, sol was b in 1754 in Morris Co NJ & he lived there most of the time until 1830 then moved to Wayne Co PA, on 18 Dec 1833 sol had moved to Tompkins Co NY to be with his children, a daughter-in-law Mary Leonard was of Tompkins Co NY in 1833 LEONARD, David, R6290, NY Line, a John Kemper of Hudson NY stated sol's father was William Leonard who srv as a Capt in the German Fusiliers in the NY Line, the sol David Leonard was b 3 Mar 1762 at Rhinebeck in Dutchess Co NY & he lived there at enl & srv under his father, sol later moved to Albany NY & in Apr 1783 he moved to Berkshire Co MA for 2 yrs then moved to Austerlitz in Columbia Co NY & he appl there 22 Nov 1838 but appears he had made aff'dt in 1831 or 32 LEONARD, Ebenezer, Abigail, R6288, MA Line, sol's father was Nicholas Leonard of Preston CT, sol's sis Mrs. Hannah Starkweather stated sol d at Crown Point NY in Jun 1776, one Anson Avery made aff'dt 28 Jan 1837 at Ledyard CT & referred to sol's "wife" Abigail & 4 children who lived in southern RI "part of the time" during the Rev, sol had m Abigail Avery 25 Sep 1765, the said Anson was overseer of sol's wid Abigail (Avery) Leonard but his relationship to her was not stated, wid's bro Theophilus Avery of Ledyard CT made aff'dt 23 Jan 1837 & stated his sis Abigail was b 11 Oct 1748, family records; sol was b 3 Sep 1744 & he & wid were m at Groton CT, children's births were; Benjamin b 11 Jun 1766, Sarah b 20 Mar 1768, William b 6 May 1770 & George b 17 Nov 1773, the town records of Preston CT showed the following; Ebenezer Leonard m Esther Amos 6 May 1730 both were of Preston CT, children were; Esther b 22 Apr 1731, Sarah b 22 Apr 1733, Elizabeth b 14 Mar 1737, Amos b 11 Oct 1741, Hannah b 1 Feb 1744, Zipporah b 16 Mar 1746 & Olive b 17 Aug 1748, the sol was referred to as Ebenezer Leonard, Jr. in the Preston CT town records but it was not stated the was the son of the Ebenezer Leonard who m Esther Amos LEONARD, Edward, BLW #7378-100-6 Jul 1791 assignee Carlile Pollock, srv as a Pvt in the NY Line LEONARD, Elias, S4542, PA Line, appl 6 Nov 1832 Burlington Co NJ, sol was b 10 Sep 1756 at Peekskill NY & he was an apprentice at Philadelphia PA when he enl & a short time after the Rev he moved to Burlington NJ for 2 yrs then he went to sea for 6 mths then moved to Chester Co PA for 9 yrs the moved to NY near where he was born for 6 yrs then moved to Burlington Co NJ LEONARD, Elijah, Hannah, W24505, MA Line, sol m Hannah Pierce of Dighton MA 24 or 25 Nov 1788 & sol was of Taunton MA when they were m, wid appl 30 Jan 1839 Wayne Co NY aged 75, sol d in Aug 1822 at Lee MA, sol had appl 6 May 1818 at Lee in Berkshire Co MA, a son Cyrus Leonard of Palymyra NY made aff'dt 30 Jan 1839 & was present when his father died LEONARD, Elisha, S13733, MA Line, sol was b 2 Jan 1751 at Preston CT & he lived at Worthington MA at enl & after the Rev he lived in the "Susquehanna Country" for 14 yrs the at different places until about 1817 he moved Charlotte in Chittenden Co VT & he appl there 15 Aug 1832 LEONARD, Enoch, Mary, W16629, BLW #5211-160-55, MA & NY Line, sol m Mary VanVeghten 10 Sep 1783 in Rensselaer Co NY & sol d 12 Dec 1810, wid appl 15 Dec 1836 Rensselaer Co NY aged 71, sol had enl at Springfield MA, wid appl for BLW 28 Mar 1855 & Frederick M.B. & Helena Maria Leonard were witnesses to her appl LEONARD, Ephraim, S32992, Cont & MA Line, appl 27 Apr 1818 Berkshire Co MA aged 62, in 1820 sol had 2 sons of his wife living with him, towit; Giles Wilcox 15 & Thurston Wilcox aged 14, sol d 4 Dec 1834 LEONARD, Ezekiel, Rhoda, W2816, MA Line, sol was b 30 Jul 1757 at Springfield MA & he lived there at enl & in 1803 he moved to Springfield in Bradford Co PA & he appl there in Sep 1832 & a Theodore Leonard & Joshua Spear were witnesses to his application, wid appl 27 Mar 1839 at Springfield Twnshp PA aged 75, sol & wid had m 10 Apr 1783 & sol d 30 Aug 1834, children's ages in 1805 were; Abi ?? (torn) 22, Laura 20, Ezekiel 18, Nathaniel 15, Lyman 12, Eber 10, Frederick 6, Albert 4 & Alfred b in 1805 LEONARD, Ezra, Elizabeth, W13617, MA Line, sol d 3 Oct 1830 at Oakham in Worcester Co MA aged 80, sol had m Miss Elizabeth Cambell or Campbell of Middleborough MA (where they were m) on 22 Apr 1773 & sol was of Raynham MA when they were m, wid appl 8 Jul 1836 at Oakham MA aged 83 LEONARD, Frederick, S38911, VA Line, appl 18 May 1829 Sullivan Co TN aged 68, sol stated he enl in PA into Col Stuart's Regt in the PA Line ?, sol d in 1845 in Washington Co VA leaving children; Elizabeth, Tuny, Mary, Frederick, John, Henry, Michael, George, William, Samuel, nancy & Margaret Leonard, the son Henry made aff'dt 31 Jan 1854 that sol lived with him when he died & the son then appl for sol's BLW LEONARD, George, Susanna, W3834, Cont Line, wid appl 6 Oct 1842 Augusta Co VA aged 79, sol d 17 Feb 1818, wid had moved to Augusta Co VA in 1797, sol & wid had m in Berks Co PA date not given, children's births were written in what appeared to be German of which I could only read parts of the register, towit; David b in 1784, Georg b in 1786, name ? b in 1788, name ? b 1790, name ? b 1792, Danial b in 1795, Jacob b in 1798, Catsarina b 15 May 1800, Josanna P. b in 1802, Margaret b in 1805 & Dannal b in 1807, the register was clear as to names & days of the months but I could not read LEONARD, George, S40930, MA Line, sol enl at Cambridge MA, he appl 16 Apr 1818 at Cornwall in Addison Co VT aged 69, in 1821 sol was living at Highgate in Franklin Co VT with a wife Rebeccah aged 66 LEONARD, George, Catharine, W8250, BLW #38529-160-55, PA Line, sol m Catharine Evans 16 Sep 1828 at Lancaster PA & sol lived there at enl & he appl there 20 Aug 1832 aged 73 & sol d there 7 or 9 May 1847 & his wid also appl there 18 Dec 1855 aged 68, a son Philip Leonard was living in 1847, in 1906 a daughter Lydia A. White of Lancaster PA stated she was the only child by sol's 2nd wife Catherine (Evans) who d in Nov 1867, the daughter stated she herself m 1st to Charles Bowman on 27 May 1847 & he d in 1849 & she m 2nd to Jacob White in Aug 1867 & he d in May 1897, in 1855 a Walter G. Evans was app'td grdn of the wid & her estate but his relationship to wid was not stated LEONARD, Henry, S29288, NY Line, sol lived at Montreal in Lower Canada at enl, appl 9 Jan 1834 Allegany Co NY aged 88 a res of Burns NY, sol lived at Little Britain in Ulster Co NY at enl, sol was b 4 Jul 1745 in NY City NY, sol lived at Little Britton NY for 20 yrs after the Rev then moved to PA "Minisink ?" then moved to "Townday" on the Susquehann River in PA for 8 or 9 yrs then moved to Burns NY, a son Joseph Leonard signed p.o.a. 25 Nov 1851 in Allegany Co NY at which time sol was dec'd LEONARD, Isaac, Rej, sol appl in PA under the Act of 18 Mar 1818 & his papers were returned to him, the following was shown but wether the same sol was not stated, towit; Isaac Leonard, Old War IF-#26699, sol was b at Somerset in Washington Co PA date not given, sol srv in the War of 1812 & was disc 8 Jul 1815 aged about 25, he rec'd a disability pension from 9 Jul 1815 & he also rec'd BLW #10879-160-12, sol's pension cert was sent to one Thomas Henry at Beaver Court House PA in 1830, in 1866 Isaac Leonard was living in Hancock Co OH with his address at the Findlay OH Post Office LEONARD, Jacob, Mary, W15023, BLW #1237-150-7 Mar 1798, Cont & MA Line, sol m Mary Swift 4 Dec 1788 at Bridgewater MA, in 1820 she was aged 61, sol d 12 Apr 1841 & his wid Mary d 8 Apr 1843 leaving children; Levi W. who 1843 was of Dublin NH & Isam or Isham who in 1843 lived at Bridgewater MA aged about 50 LEONARD, Jacob, S7141, NC Line, sol was b 16 Nov 1758 in Rowan Co the part that later became Davidson Co NC & he lived there at enl, his father was killed by the Tories in the fall of 1781, sol appl 13 May 1834 Davidson Co NC, sol d 27 Jan 1835 leaving several children (no names given), in 1880 sol's only surviving son & heir Daniel Leonard was living at Lexington in Davidson Co NC LEONARD, James, BLW #10809-100-2 Sep 1789, srv as a Pvt in the DE Line LEONARD, James, S34956, DE & MD Line, appl 31 Mar 1818 Washington DC aged 65 where he lived, in 1821 sol was still living there & stated he had no family, sol had also rec'd an MD state pension, on 1 Apr 1828 sol had lately moved to NY state & on 30 Apr 1828 he had returned to MD LEONARD, James, Elizabeth, W5465, PA Line, sol lived in Westmoreland Co PA at enl, sol appl 28 Aug 1832 Higland Co OH aged 98, wid appl 26 Jan 1839 Clermont Co OH aged 75, sol & wid had m 22 Dec 1780, sol d 6 Feb 1836, a James Leonard made aff'dt 26 Jan 1839 in Clermont Co OH & stated he had know sol & wid for 48 yrs but did not state a relationship, a son Thomas Leonard made aff'dt 1 Jul 1859 in Brown Co OH aged 59 & stated his mother (sol's wid) d 22 Dec 1845 & stated wid's maiden name was Elizabeth Watson & the son stated he made the 1859 appl with the consent of his bros & sisters (no names) LEONARD, John, Betsey, R6289, BLW #11276-160-55, MA Line, sol m Betsey Nurss 15 Nov 1775 at Barre MA & both were of Hutchinson MA, wid appl 6 Jun 1837 Cheshire Co NH aged 82, sol enl at Barre MA, sol d 27 Apr 1829, wid appl for BLW 16 Apr 1855 at Keene NH aged 99, a son Nathan Leonard a res of ME made aff'dt 3 Jun 1837 in Cheshire Co NH (his place of residence in ME was not given) LEONARD, John, S33370, NJ Line, appl 7 Jan 1825 Essex Co NJ aged 69, sol stated that in 1812 he owned a 2 acre lot in Morris Co NJ but had to sell it & since had owned nothing & in 1816 he & his wife parted & she returned to her "friends & children by a former husband" leaving the "moveables" to their 3 daughters, towit; Chloe, Phebe & Betsey, sol stated in 1825 he had 2 sons at home; Charles 21 & Benjamin aged 19 also 2 daughters at home; Phebe 15 & Betsey aged 12 yrs LEONARD, John, BLW #9798-100-29 Jun 1789 assignee M. McConnell, srv as a Pvt in the PA Line LEONARD, John, Edy, W1625, VA Line, sol was b 7 Apr 1754 & his wife Edy ( -- ) was b 22 Feb 1771 & they were m in Greenbrier Co VA the latter part of Jun 1796, sol was raised in Germany & came to America in the srv of the British Army & he deserted them & joined the Rev Army in Shenandoah Co VA in Sep or Oct 1781, sol appl 27 Nov 1823 Hawkins Co TN & sol d 7 Oct 1841 & his wid appl 27 Mar 1850 Hawkins Co TN it appeared wid's name before m may have been Scarborough, children were; David b 30 Mar 1797, Elizabeth b 14 Feb 1799, John b 19 Feb 1801, William b 5 Feb 1803, Agnes b 11 Jul 1805, Jacob b 12 Nov 1807 & Edy b 11 Mar 1811 Joseph, Mary, R6293, MD Line, sol m Mary Ferguson in Talbot Co MD in 1821 (application for license was made 8 Feb 1821), wid appl 21 Dec 1857 at Easton MD, sol d in 1834 about 1 mile from Trappe in Talbot Co MD LEONARD, Joseph, Mary, R6293, MD Line, sol m Mary Ferguson in Talbot Co MD in 1821 (application for license was made 8 Feb 1821), wid appl 21 Dec 1857 at Easton MD, sol d in 1834 about 1 mile from Trappe in Talbot Co MD LEONARD, Josiah, Lurany or Lurana, W24523, MA Line, sol m Lurany Keith of Middleborough MA on 13 May 1784 & he was of Buckland MA when they were m, he lived at Bridgewater MA at enl, sol appl 8 Aug 1832 Plymouth Co MA, sol was b 8 Aug 1754 at Bridgewater MA & in 1784 he moved to Buckland MA then in Hampshire Co but now in Franklin Co MA for 7 yrs & in 1791 he moved to Middleborough MA & his wid appl there in May 1844 aged 80, sol d 25 Nov 1839, a Nathan Leonard of Seekonk in Bristol Co MA made aff'dt on 17 Dec 1830 but did not state a relationship to sol LEONARD, Justin, Theodosia, W20458, BLW #13735-160-55, MA Line, sol lived at West Springfield MA at enl, he appl 8 Aug 1832 Hampden Co MA aged 69, wid appl 23 Oct 1840 Cayuga Co NY aged 75, sol & wid had m 12 Apr 1789 & sol d 12 Dec 1835, wid appl for BLW 23 Apr 1855 New Haven Co CT & a Timothy & Martha Barker were witnesses to her 1855 aff'dt, children were; John b 25 Feb 1790, Martha b 5 Oct 1793 & she m Sylvanus Griswold 15 Apr 1813 & she m 2nd to Timothy Barker, Jr. 28 May 1827, a son not alive b 6 Feb 1798, Justin b 20 May 1799, Asaph D. b 29 Nov 1801 & Christopher b 28 Sep 1806 LEONARD, Lot, Frances, R6291, NJ & PA Line, sol was b in Nov 1755 in Morris Co NJ & he lived there at enl & after this srv he moved with his father's family to Greene Co PA & he also enl there & he appl there 16 Sep 1834, sol m Frances Willis 13 May 1821, sol d 7 Nov or 7 Dec 1847 (both dates shown) in Washington Co PA & was referred to as Rev Lot Leonard, wid appl 22 Sep 1856 Washington Co PA aged 62 LEONARD, Michael, S30542, VA Line, appl 12 Oct 1835 Grant Co KY, sol was b in the spring of 1760 in Rowan Co NC & in 1779 he moved to Riddles Station in KY & he lived there at enl & was taken prisoner at age of 14 & in 1784 he settled again in Bourbon Co KY & in 1786 he moved to Lexington KY & in 1797 he moved to Scott Co KY & in 1803 he moved to what is now Nicholas Co KY then moved to Harrison Co KY & in 1808 he returned to Scott Co KY & in 1809 he moved to Grant Co KY LEONARD, Moses, S13749, MA Line, sol was b 21 Jun 1763 at Preston CT & he lived at Worthington MA at enl & after the Rev he moved to Shoreham VT for 17 yrs then moved to Chittenden Co VT & he appl there 1st May 1833, on 22 Apr 1835 sol had moved to Monroe Co NY to live with a daughter (not named) & he stated he intended to soon relocate to Chatauqua Co NY LEONARD, Nathan B. Anstus or Antris, W21568, BLW #19502-160-55, MA Line, sol appl 8 Oct 1832 Providence Co RI aged 71, sol was b 4 Jul 1761 at Bridgewater MA & he lived there at enl, sol m Anstus or Anstris Kent 7 Aug 1784 at Swanzey MA & sol was of Rehoboth MA when they were m, wid appl 22 Jan 1855 at New Bedford MA aged 86, sol d 9 Apr 1854, wid appl for BLW 13 Apr 1855 aged 87, a Barnabas Collins & Sarah E. Thompson both of New Bedford MA were witnesses to wid's BLW appl LEONARD, Nathaniel, Esther, W24513, Cont & NJ Line, sol m Esther Heath 14 Aug 1779 at Southampton in Bucks Co PA, sol d 15 Oct 1823, wid d 7 Jan 1846 in Henry Co IN leaving children; Zephaniah Leonard, Mary wife of John Curry, James & Nathaniel Leonard, Elizabeth wife of Joseph Cooper, Esther wife of Wm. D. Harden, John Leonard, Nancy wife of John Widows LEONARD, Nathaniel, S13744, MA Line, sol was a son of Nathaniel & Mary Leonard & was b 25 Mar 1755 at Taunton MA & sol lived there at enl, sol appl 5 Oct 1832 Bristol Co MA a res of Taunton MA LEONARD, Nathaniel, BLW #1272-300-11 Jun 1789, srv as a Capt in the NJ Line, no papers LEONARD, Nehemiah, S18488, MA Line, sol was b 13 Feb 1755 at Norton MA, he lived at Mansfield in Bristol Co MA at enl & he appl there 28 Aug 1832 LEONARD, Noah, Mehitable, W20457, MA Line, sol was b 17 Mar 1766, he lived at Middleborough in Plymouth Co MA at enl, he appl 13 Apr 1818 Oneida Co NY, in 1820 sol's wife's mother Mehetabel Richmond was living with them & his wife's mother was b 19 Jul 1739, sol m Mehetabel (Richmond) in 1787 & she was b 14 Sep 1770, sol d 21 Feb 1844 at Augusta NY where he had lived since 1819, wid d 23 Feb 1844 at Augusta NY, children were; Simeon b 25 Jun 1788, Isaac R. b 22 Apr 1793, Noah, Jr. b 13 Nov 1796, Henry b 17 Aug 1802, Abigail b 7 Jul 1805 & he d in 1824 & Otis b 3 Aug 1810, in 1844 the son Noah Leonard was a res of Marshall in Oneida Co NY & stated surviving children of dec'd sol & wid were; Simeon of Lodi in Erie Co NY, Isaac of Cattaraugus Co NY, Noah of Marshall NY & Otis of Augusta NY, in 1819 an Abiezer Richmond was living in 1819 & in 1819 a Joshua Richmond lived near sol in 1818 LEONARD, Patrick, S36038, CT & PA Line, appl 27 Jun 1818 Hamilton Co OH aged 77, on 26 Jul 1820 sol had moved to Campbell Co KY LEONARD, Patrick, BLW #4843-100-5 Nov 1789, srv as a Pvt in the Arty in the PA Line LEONARD, Patrick, BLW #9843-100-5 Nov 1789, srv as a Pvt in Proctor's Arty LEONARD, Phinehas, wid Content, W1199, MA Line, sol was b in 1751 at West Springfield in Hampden Co MA & he lived there at enl & sol appl there 12 Nov 1836 & sol d there 16 Nov 1847 & his wid appl there 12 Dec 1848 aged 85, sol had m Content Wheeler on 20 Jan 1795 at her father's at Montgomery MA LEONARD, Richard, BLW #9806h-100-19 Nov 1789 assignee John Baldwin, srv as a Pvt in the PA Line LEONARD, Robert, BLW #7404-100-1 Oct 1791, srv as a Pvt in the NY Line LEONARD, Robert, Naomi, W24511, NY Line, sol appl 17 May 1818 NY City NY, in 1820 sol had moved to Troy NY aged 58 & referred to a daughter aged 13 & a son aged 11 (no names), sol m Naomi ( -- ) on 11 Aug 1785 at Saratoga NY, sol d 20 May 1841, wid appl 25 Mar 1843 in NY City NY aged 75 LEONARD, Robert, BLW #12320-100-29 May 1792 assignee Robt Means, srv as a Pvt in the VA Line LEONARD, Rowland, Lucy, W13619, MA Line, sol was a son of Joseph, Jr. & Ruth Leonard & was b 24 Apr 1761 at Middleboro MA. sol appl 10 Sep 1832 Plymouth Co MA, sol m Lucy Briggs of Wareham MA on 21 Jul 1793 & sol was of Carver MA when they were m, wid appl 13 Jan 1839 Plymouth Co MA aged 66, sol d 3 Nov 1838 LEONARD, Samuel, S554, Cont & NJ Line, sol enl at Morristown NJ, appl 4 Apr 1818 Morris Co NJ, in 1820 sol was aged 63 & stated he had 7 children of which 3 lived at home, towit; Nancy aged 28, Mary aged 23 & Jeremiah aged 18, sol's wife (not named) had died about 1810 LEONARD, Samuel, S29293, MA Line, sol appl 29 Aug 1832 Plymouth Co MA aged 79, one Jacob Leonard of Bridgewater where he had lived all his life made aff'dt 13 Aug 1832 aged 75 & stated the sol Samuel Leonard had also lived at Bridgewater when he enl (both srv in the Rev War) LEONARD, Seth, S32986, Cont & MA Line, appl 1 Apr 1818 at Raynham in Bristol Co MA, in 1820 sol was aged 68 & he had no other person in his family LEONARD, Silas, S31818, CT & MA Line, appl 2 Aug 1832 Litchfield Co CT, sol was b 15 Feb 1757 at Raynham in Bristol Co MA & he was living at Mid Middleborough MA at enl & at the end of the Rev he moved to Kent MA LEONARD, Simeon, S40929, Cont & MA Line, appl 6 Apr 1818 Rutland Co VT, in 1820 sol was aged 66 with a wife Keziah aged 66 & a daughter Melancy aged 22 living with sol & sol state he lived with a son (not named) who supported him, in 1826 sol had moved to Yates Co NY to lived with a son & daughter LEONARD, Solomon, Sarah, W20466, CT, Cont & MA Line, sol was b 13 Mar 1759 & he m Sarah Sarah Hanks 27 May 1784 & she was b 22 Nov 1762, sol appl 23 Jan 1833 Wayne Co NY, sol enl at Killingly in Windham Co CT & later srv as a sub for his father Jesse Leonard & sol later enl at Windsor in Berkshire Co MA, sol was b at Killingly CT in 1759, wid appl 20 Jan 1844 Wayne Co NY aged 81, sol d 21 Jun. 1842, a son Jacob Leonard aged 47 made aff'dt 19 Jan 1844 Wayne Co NY, children were; Hannah b 22 Jun 1785, Submit b 5 Jan 1787, Jesse b 20 Jan 1789, Lucy b 6 Apr 1790, Sargeant b 2 Apr 1792, Levi b 10 Jun 1794, Jacob Sargeant Leonard b 23 Jul 1796, Samuel b 24 Jul 1798 & Solomon b 27 Mar 1803 & d 21 Jun 1812 LEONARD, Solomon, S31206, MA Line, sol was b in 1759 at Raynham in Bristol Co MA & he lived there at enl, he appl 29 Aug 1832 at Taunton in Bristol Co MA LEONARD, Stephen, S42831, NJ Line, sol enl at Mount Holly NJ, appl 11 Apr 1818 at Manlius in Onondaga Co NY, in 1820 sol was aged 67 with a wife Lois aged 58 & a daughter Harmah Goodrich & her 5 children (no names) who had formerly lived at Pompey NY were living with sol, a son David H. Leonard was referred to in the claim (his age wasn't given), sol d 25 Mar 1831 LEONARD, Sylvanus or Sylvanus Learned, Sally, W15021, BLW #18392-160-55, NH & VT Line, see Sylvanus Learned LEONARD, Thomas, Esther, W3098, NJ Line, sol was b 22 Aug 1753 in Somerset Co NJ & he lived in Hunterdon Co NJ at enl, sol appl 5 Dec 1832 Beaver Co PA & sol d there 28 Jan 1836, sol had m Esther ( -- ) on 6 Jun 1781 in Cumberland Co PA & she was b 6 Feb 1762, wid appl 26 Sep 1838 Beaver Co PA, children were; Priscilla b 3 Nov 1781, Mary b 8 Jan 1784, Abner b 11 Apr 1786, Clarissa b 21 Nov 1788, Lucretia b 19 Jan 1791, Absalom b 28 Nov 1792, Hiel b 12 Apr 1795, Eli b 17 May 1797 & Alvah b 5 Sep 1799, also shown were; Samuel son of Nathaniel & Anna Leonard b 10 Dec 1716 & d 3 Feb 1810 aged 93 yrs 1 mth 24 days, Mary Leonard wife of Samuel Leonard d 28 Jan 1793 aged 77 yrs 4 mths 14 days & she was the daughter of Stephen & Mary (surname was illegible) LEONARD, Timothy, Mary, W24503, Cont & MA Line, sol was b 14 Dec 1755 & he m Mary Baldwin 11 Dec 1788 & she was b 20 Jan 1761, children were; Anne B. b 15 Nov 1789 & she m Peleg R. Allen 17 Oct 1817, Miriam b 15 Aug 1791 & she m David Raymond 7 Aug 1816, Elizabeth b 22 Mar 1793, Mary b 3 Dec 1795 & she m Charles Marsh, Jr. 27 Nov 1816, Cornelia b 29 Aug 1798 & she m Thomas S. Perkins 4 Jan 1818, Timothy b 6 May 1802, Frederick B. b 13 Jul 1804 & he m Margaret Caroline Nicholas 25 May 1835 & Edward A. b in May 1806 & he m Sarah Ann Morris 4 Aug 1823 & she d 26 Aug 1837 at Alexandria LA, also shown were; Charles Marsh d 3 Jul 1817 at New Albany IN, P.R. Allen d at Shawneetown IL, the son Timothy Leonard d 15 Jul 1802, D. Raymond d at St Francisville LA, sol's bro Thaddeus Leonard of West Springfield MA was aged 76 & made aff'dt 28 Aug 1838 & referred to his twin bros Timothy & Enoch Leonard who were 6 yrs older than he was & both had srv in the Rev Army & stated they had enl at Springfield MA the part that became West Springfield MA, wid appl 7 Sep 1838 Rensselaer Co NY, sol d 12 Apr 1814 LEONARD, William, BLW #4580-100-22 Aug 1789 to Moses Ashley, srv as a Pvt in the MA Line LEONARD, William, S35519, NJ Line, appl 19 Jun 1818 Barren Co KY, on 9 Nov 1825 sol had moved to Mercer Co KY & gave his age as 78 LEONARD, William, Priscilla D., W26212, BLW #26424-160-55, NC Line, sol m Priscilla D. (Leonard) 9 Dec 1834 & sol d 1 Apr 1852, sol lived in Bute Co NC the part that became Franklin Co NC at enl, sol had appl 12 Sep 1832 Franklin Co NC, sol was b 2 Jun 1760 in Prince George Co VA, wid appl 9 Apr 1855 Franklin Co NC aged 52 LEONARD, Zephaniah, BLW #13328-100-6 Aug 1789, srv as a Sgt in the Sappers & Miners LEONARD, Ziba or Zeba, S29963, MA Line, appl 10 Apr 1818 Franklin Co MA aged 63 in 1820 sol had a wife & 4 children at home; daughters aged 23, 14 & 10 also a son aged 17, sol stated in 1820 that he owed Ziba Leonard, Jr. $300, sol reapplied 15 Nov 1832 at Ashfield in Franklin Co MA, sol was b in 1756 at Bridgewater in Plymouth Co MA & he lived there at enl LEONARDSON, John T. or John T. Lenardson, Sarah, R6294, NY Line, see John T. Leonardson CONTINUE HERE https://archive.org/details/genealogicalabst0000whit/page/2059/mode/1up

The history of early European settlers in New York and Pennsylvania is rich and complex, shaped by various groups whose identities often overlap or confuse modern readers. Among these groups, the Palatine Germans, Netherland Dutch, Pennsylvania Dutch, Low Dutch, and High Dutch stand out for their distinct origins, languages, and cultural influences. Understanding their differences helps clarify the early colonial history of the region and sheds light on the roots of many American families today. Origins and Arrival in America Palatine Germans The Palatine Germans originated from the Palatinate region in southwestern Germany - then called the region of Pfalz in the Holy Roman Empire. This area suffered severe hardship during the late 17th and early 18th centuries due to war, famine, and religious persecution. Seeking better opportunities, many Palatines emigrated to the American colonies, arriving primarily between 1708 and 1710. Most Palatine Germans settled in New York, particularly along the Hudson River Valley. The British Crown encouraged their settlement to bolster the population and develop the frontier. These settlers were mostly Protestant and brought with them German dialects and customs. Netherland Dutch The Netherland Dutch came from the Netherlands, a distinct cultural and linguistic group from the Germans. They were among the earliest European settlers in what became New York, originally establishing the colony of New Netherland in the early 1600s. The Dutch influence remains strong in place names like Harlem and Brooklyn. The Netherland Dutch settlers spoke Dutch, a Germanic language but distinct from German dialects. They arrived decades before the Palatine Germans, with the first settlements dating back to 1624. Their presence shaped the early political and cultural landscape of New York. Pennsylvania Dutch The term "Pennsylvania Dutch" is often misunderstood. It does not refer to Dutch from the Netherlands but rather to German-speaking immigrants, primarily from the Palatinate and other parts of southwestern Germany. The word "Dutch" here is an anglicized form of "Deutsch," meaning German. These settlers arrived mainly in the 18th century, settling in Pennsylvania, which offered religious freedom and fertile land. The Pennsylvania Dutch developed a unique culture blending German traditions with American influences. Their language, Pennsylvania German, is a dialect derived from Palatine German. Low Dutch and High Dutch The terms Low Dutch and High Dutch historically distinguished between different Germanic language groups. Low Dutch referred to the Dutch language spoken in the Netherlands, a Low Germanic language. High Dutch referred to the German dialects spoken in the mountainous southern regions of Germany, including the Palatinate. In colonial America, Low Dutch typically meant settlers from the Netherlands, while High Dutch referred to German-speaking immigrants. This distinction helps explain some of the confusion around the term "Dutch" in American history. Common First Names Among the Groups Names provide insight into cultural identity and heritage. Each group brought naming traditions reflecting their language and religion. Palatine Germans Palatine Germans favored traditional Germanic and biblical names. Common male names included: Johann (John) Heinrich (Henry) Wilhelm (William) Friedrich (Frederick) Georg (George) Female names often included: Anna Maria Elisabeth Margaretha Katharina These names were often passed down through generations, sometimes anglicized over time. Netherland Dutch The Netherland Dutch used Dutch forms of Biblical and traditional names. Male names included: Jan (John) or Janse/Janssen, meaning son of Jan Pieter (Peter) or Pieterse, meaning son of Peter Casper or Casperse/Casparse, meaning son of Casper Willem (William) Gerrit (Garret) or Gerritse, meaning son of Gerrit Hendrick (Henry) or Hendrickse, meaning son of Hendrick Cornelis (Cornelius) Claes (Nicholas) Teunis Palatine Germans typically did not use “-se / -sen” patronymics in New York records. This patrynomic pattern is a dead giveaway for Dutch. Female names included: Maria Anna Elisabeth Geertruy (Gertrude) Catharina Dutch naming customs included patronymics, where a child’s surname was derived from the father’s first name. Pennsylvania Dutch Since Pennsylvania Dutch descended mainly from Palatine Germans, their names were similar but evolved uniquely in America. Male names included: Jacob Samuel Michael Daniel Peter Female names included: Susanna Barbara Magdalena Elizabeth Catherine The Pennsylvania Dutch often used diminutives and nicknames, reflecting their close-knit communities. Settlement Patterns in New York and Pennsylvania New York New York was initially dominated by Netherland Dutch settlers who established New Amsterdam. After the English took control in 1664, the Dutch influence remained strong culturally and linguistically. Palatine Germans arrived later, settling mainly in the Hudson Valley and contributing to agricultural development. The Palatines were often settled in communities like Germantown and Rhinebeck. Their presence added a Germanic layer to the already Dutch-influenced region. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania became a primary destination for German-speaking immigrants, including Palatine Germans, starting in the early 1700s. The colony’s policy of religious tolerance attracted many seeking freedom from persecution. The Pennsylvania Dutch settled in rural areas, forming farming communities in Lancaster, Berks, and surrounding counties. Their culture thrived, maintaining language and customs well into the 19th century. Language and Cultural Differences Language was a key marker distinguishing these groups. The Netherland Dutch spoke Dutch, which is closer to English than German. Palatine Germans and Pennsylvania Dutch spoke German dialects, with Pennsylvania Dutch evolving into a distinct dialect. Culturally, the Netherland Dutch brought Reformed Protestant traditions, while Palatine Germans were often Lutheran or Reformed. Pennsylvania Dutch communities included Amish and Mennonite groups, known for their plain dress and simple living. Why the Confusion Exists The confusion around these groups arises because of the overlapping use of the word "Dutch." English speakers historically used "Dutch" to refer to both the people of the Netherlands and German-speaking immigrants. This led to terms like Pennsylvania Dutch, which actually means Pennsylvania Germans. Additionally, migration patterns and intermarriage blurred cultural lines. Some families have mixed Dutch and German ancestry, making it harder to distinguish origins without detailed genealogical research. Summary of Key Differences Group Origin Language Arrival Period Common Names Settlement Area Palatine Germans Palatinate, Germany German dialect (High Dutch) 1708–1710 Johann, Heinrich, Wilhelm New York (Hudson Valley) Netherland Dutch Netherlands Dutch (Low Dutch) Early 1600s Jan, Pieter, Willem New York (New Amsterdam) Pennsylvania Dutch German-speaking (Palatinate) Pennsylvania German 18th century Jacob, Samuel, Michael Pennsylvania (Lancaster) Final Thoughts Understanding the distinctions between Palatine Germans, Netherland Dutch, Pennsylvania Dutch, Low Dutch, and High Dutch clarifies much about early American history. These groups contributed unique languages, customs, and traditions that shaped New York and Pennsylvania. Recognizing their origins and differences helps modern readers appreciate the rich cultural heritage embedded in these regions. Resources The Palatines of New York State : a complete compilation of the history of the Palatines who first came to New York State in 1708-1722 , by Palatine Society of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of New York and New England, Inc. A collection of upwards of thirty thousand names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and other immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1727-1776 : with a statement of the names of ships, whence they sailed, and the date of their arrival at Philadelphia, chronologically arranged, together with the necessary historical and other notes, also, an appendix containing lists of more than one thousand German and French names in New York prior to 1712 , by Rupp, I. Daniel (Israel Daniel), 1803-1878 The German emigration from New York province into Pennsylvania ... prepared at the request of the Pennsylvania-German society , by Richards, Matthias Henry, 1841-1898; Richards, Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, 1848-1935

The Mohawk Dutch language represents a fascinating chapter in the history of cultural exchange in North America. This hybrid language emerged from the interaction between Dutch settlers and the Mohawk people during the 17th century. Understanding what Mohawk Dutch sounded like offers insight into how languages blend and evolve, reflecting the complex relationships between communities. This post explores the distinctive features of Mohawk Dutch, its sound patterns, and its role in cultural identity. Origins of the Mohawk Dutch Language Mohawk Dutch arose in the early colonial period when Dutch traders and settlers established contact with the Mohawk Nation, part of the Iroquois Confederacy. The Dutch presence in what is now New York State created opportunities for trade, alliances, and cultural exchange. Language became a bridge for communication, leading to a pidgin or creole that combined elements of Dutch and Mohawk. This language was not a formal dialect but a practical tool used in daily interactions. It incorporated Dutch vocabulary with Mohawk grammar and pronunciation influences, or vice versa, depending on the speaker’s background. The result was a unique linguistic blend that served both communities. What Mohawk Dutch Sounded Like Reconstructing the exact sound of Mohawk Dutch is challenging due to limited written records and the oral nature of the language. However, linguistic research and historical accounts provide clues about its phonetic qualities. Pronunciation Features Dutch Influence : The Dutch language contributed many consonant sounds, such as the guttural "g" and the "sch" sound, which is a combination of "s" and "ch." These sounds were likely softened or adapted by Mohawk speakers. Mohawk Influence : Mohawk’s use of glottal stops and nasal vowels influenced the rhythm and intonation of the hybrid language. Mohawk is a polysynthetic language, meaning it often combines many morphemes into one word, which affected how Dutch words were shortened or modified. Stress and Intonation : Mohawk Dutch probably had a different stress pattern than standard Dutch. Mohawk languages tend to emphasize syllables differently, which would have altered the melody of speech. Vocabulary and Syntax The vocabulary was a mix of Dutch trade terms and Mohawk words related to daily life, nature, and social structures. For example, Dutch words for goods like "brood" (bread) and "bier" (beer) might have been used alongside Mohawk terms for family and community roles. Syntax, or sentence structure, showed signs of fusion. Dutch typically follows a subject-verb-object order, while Mohawk uses a more flexible structure with verb prefixes and suffixes indicating subjects and objects. Mohawk Dutch likely simplified these rules to facilitate communication. Cultural Significance of Mohawk Dutch The language was more than a communication tool; it symbolized cooperation and coexistence. It helped establish trade relationships and political alliances between the Dutch and the Mohawk people. Speaking Mohawk Dutch could signal trust and mutual respect. For the Mohawk people, incorporating Dutch elements into their language reflected adaptability and openness to new influences without losing their cultural core. For Dutch settlers, learning Mohawk Dutch was a practical necessity and a sign of respect for the indigenous culture. Though Mohawk Dutch eventually faded as English became dominant, its legacy remains in historical records and place names. Some words and expressions influenced local dialects and contributed to the linguistic diversity of the region. Examples of Mohawk Dutch Sounds and Words A Sample of “Mohawk Dutch” (circa 1770s): “Morgen, neighbor. I ben early out today—de frost liegt schwer on de corn. My vrouw says we must bring de wheat to de mill before de roodcoats come again. De Indians been moving up de river, und Sir John’s men make much trouble. We stay near Fort Paris tonight, ja? It is safer so.” The Same Passage in Modern English: “Good morning, neighbor. I’ve been out early today—the frost lies heavy on the corn. My wife says we must bring the wheat to the mill before the British soldiers come again. The Indians have been moving up the river, and Sir John’s men are causing trouble. We’ll stay near Fort Paris tonight, yes? It’s safer that way.” Linguistically, we can hear several layers colliding: Dutch grammar & particles “I ben early out”  → from Dutch “Ik ben vroeg uit” “de frost ligt”  → Dutch verb usage German words embedded naturally morgen  (morning) frau / vrouw  (wife) und  (and) ja  (yes) English nouns neighbor, mill, wheat, river, fort, redcoats Mohawk Dutch was a unique language born from necessity and cooperation. Its sound combined Dutch consonants and Mohawk rhythms, creating a distinct voice that carried the stories of two cultures coming together. Understanding this language enriches our knowledge of North American history and the ways language shapes human connection. Exploring Mohawk Dutch encourages us to listen closely to the voices of the past and recognize the ongoing influence of cultural exchange in shaping language and identity. For anyone interested in language history or indigenous cultures, Mohawk Dutch offers a compelling example of how sound and meaning travel across communities. Did any of your ancestors speak Mohawk Dutch? Tell us about them in the comments below! #mohawk #dutch #language #hollenbeck #dykeman

John Hollenbeck, my 4th great-grandfather, was born about 1775 in Stone Arabia, New York. At the time, the town was in Tryon County, which was renamed Montgomery County in 1784. His family arrived in Cortland County, New York, between 1816 and 1818. Trying to identify John Hollenbeck on the census prior to his arrival in Cortland County has proven to be a challenge. Here's what we know: John probably still lived in the home of his father, said to have been William Hollenbeck, when the 1790 and possibly the 1800 census were taken. Since he married Hannah Conrad in Schoharie County on January 18, 1803, we can probably expect to find him on the 1810 census but there were 19 matches for John Hollenbeck on the 1810 census in New York. According to the Hollenbeck family Bible, their first daughter, Nancy, was born in 1805 in Sharon, Schoharie County and their next child, William was born in 1807 in the same place. Between 1807 and 1808, they left Sharon and their daughter Catherine was born in 1808 in "Susquehanna, New York". Where she was actually born is a mystery, since there is no place called Susquehanna in New York. There is a town and a county named Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, however. Did they row down the Susquehanna River and cross the border unknowingly, or perhaps they weren't aware that the boundary had been established after some dispute between the two states? Note: Susquehanna County was created on February 21, 1810, from part of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. See update on Wikitree . In 1809, their son Jacob was born in the same place, and in late 1810, their son John was born there as well. Lany followed in 1812, and Henry, born in 1816, was the final birth recorded there. Between 1816 and 1818, they left this home they called "Susquehanna" and their next child, Eva, was born in Cortland County in 1818. Nelly followed in 1820 and, finally, Nicholas was born in 1822. In 1824, four of John and Hannah's children were Christened in Cobleskill. Click here for details . There had been some border disputes between New York and Pennsylvania (Blakely 34). Since we know he came from the region near Cooperstown, where the Susquehanna River begins and we believe they traveled down the Susquehanna River, I created this map tracing the Susquehanna River's path across New York, into Pennsylvania, back in to New York, and out to Pennsylvania again, to help visualize the possibilities. On the above map, the blue markers indicate the places where men named John Hollenbeck were found when the census was taken in 1810. Notice, there were only two that were on or near the Susquehanna River, as follows: First, there was a "John Hollenbeck" household in Wyalusing, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. Wyalusing is on the Susquehanna River, ten miles from the New York border and about 39 miles from the town of Susquehanna, as follows. The household contained the following people: There were 2 free white males age 0-9 (born bet. 1801-1810). There was one free white male age 16-25 (born bet. 1785-1794). There was one free white male age 26-44 (born bet. 1766-1784). There was one free white female age 0-9 (born bet. 1801-1810). There were 2 free white females age 16-25 (born bet. 1785-1794). This does not appear to be John's household. His should have had two girls and one or two boys under the age of ten , depending on exactly when his son John was born in 1810 (and he may have been born in early 1811). Unless it was a relative or other boarder, he should have had no males age 16-25. The age of the oldest male in the household does match John's age in 1810 (approx. 35), however his wife, Hannah was born in 1783 and would have been about 27 in 1810, which conflicts with the age of the woman in Wyalusing. This is what John's household should have reported for the 1810 census, providing his son John was born after the census was taken: The only other John Hollenbeck living on the Susquehanna River in 1810 was found in Otego, Otsego County, New York as follows: 1810 Census Otego, Otsego County, New York There were 2 free white males age 0-9 (born bet. 1801-1810). William was born in 1807 and Jacob was born in 1809. There was one free white male age 26-44 (born bet. 1766-1784). John was born in 1767/77. There were 2 free white females age 0-9 (born bet. 1801-1810). Nancy was born in 1805 and Catherine was born in 1808. There was one free white female age 16-25 (born bet. 1785-1794). *Hannah was born in 1783. This household is nearly a perfect match for that of our John Hollenbeck. The only discrepancy is the age of the oldest female in the house, presumably John Hollenbeck's wife. We know Hannah was born in 1783, but once again, the oldest woman in the household in Otego was reportedly born between 1785 and 1794. This could easier be a mathematical error, especially considering that schools were not fully established yet. Note also that a search for this family on the 1820 census produced no results in Otego. This Hollenbeck family in Otego was only counted there on the 1810 census and there were no other Hollenbecks there in that decade. Otego is 41 miles southwest of Sharon and 47 miles east of Cincinnatus. It seems highly likely that the place the Hollenbeck family record calls "Susquehanna, New York", was actually Otego, New York. "In 1800 it [Otego] was a hemlock swamp with only one frame house in the vicinity" (Blakely xi). This tidbit could explain the confusion about where they were. It was an undeveloped and virtually uninhabited swamp land along the Susquehanna River. Perhaps they didn't know where they actually were, only that they were on the Susquehanna and therefore called it by that name? The Indian name, Otego, was spelled "Atege" and "Wauteghe" on a map of 1826. On an earlier map, it had been spelled "Atega", "Atiga" and "Adiga" (Blakely 21). We can see Adiga Creek on this old 1777 map of New York. We also see Cobus Kill (Cobleskill), the place where four of John's children were baptized in 1824. New York in 1777 The map shown below marks the approximate route John Hollenbeck and his family would have made on their journey to Cincinnatus if his was, in fact, the family living in Otego in 1810. The route starts at John's birth place, in Stone Arabia. In 1820 John Hollenbeck's household in Cincinnatus, Cortland County, New York contained the following: There were 2 free white males age 0-9 (born bet. 1811-1820). Henry was born in 1816. John was born abt. 1810. There were 2 free white males age 10-15 (born bet. 1805-1810). Jacob was born in 1809. William was born in 1807. There was one free white male age 45 or older (born bet. 1700-1775). John was born in abt. 1775. There were 4 free white females age 0-9 (born bet. 1811-1820). Eva was born in 1818, Lany was born in 1812, Mary was born in 1813. There were 2 free white females age 10-15 (born bet. 1805-1810). Nancy was born in 1805 and Catherine was born in 1808. There was one free white female age 26-44 (born bet. 1776-1794). Hannah was born in 1783. In 1830 there were two households headed by men named John Hollenbeck in Willet, Cortland County, New York and none in Cincinnatus. They were John and his son, John S. Hollenbeck. John Hollenbeck's household was reported as follows: There was one free white male age 5-9 (born bet. 1821-1825). Nicholas was born 1822. There was one free white male age 10-14 (born bet. 1816-1820). Henry was born in 1816. There was one free white male age 15-19 (born bet. 1811-1815). It appears that Jacob (born in 1809) was mistakenly counted in this column. He would have been about 21 so he should have been counted in the column for males age 20-29. There was one free white male age 20-29 (born bet. 1801-1810). William was born in 1807. There was one free white male age 50-59 (born bet. 1771-1780). John was born abt. 1775. There was one free white female age 10-14 (born bet. 1816-1820). Eva was born in 1818. There were 2 free white females age 15-19 (born bet. 1811-1815). Lany was born in 1812 and Mary was born in 1813. There were 2 free white females age 20-29 (born bet. 1801-1810). Nancy was born in 1805 and Catherine was born in 1808. There was one free white female age 40-49 (born bet. 1781-1790). Hannah was born in 1783. John S. Hollenbeck's household contained himself, age 20-29, a female child under the age of 4 (born bet. 1826-1830) and two free white females age 20-29 (born bet. 1801-1810). Anyone with information about this family, or clues that could help us learn the family's history, please comment below or contact me! Tip: These census records were summarized and ages were calculated easily using my 1820 Census Helper and 1830 Census Helper ! Also available for 1790-1840. Bookmark it for help next time you are reviewing a census from 1790-1840. See More: A History of Otego by Stuart B. Blakely, 1907. [ Link ] John Hollenbeck The Hollenbeck branch of my family Free New York genealogy resources #hollenbeck #johnhollenbeck #cortlandcounty #willet #cincinnatus #cobleskill #stonearabia #otego #map

A simple church record can shine an abundance of light on our ancestors' pasts, as seen here in this transcription found on FamilySearch. It is a record of the Christening of my 3rd great-grandfather, Nicholas Hollenbeck. The event took place on October 13, 1824, and was recorded by the German Reformed Church in New Rhinebeck-Cobleskill, in Schoharie County, New York, but the children were baptized in Cincinnatus, according to the source. This record states that Nicholas was born on February 10, 1822, to "John Hallenbeek" and "Ann Coenrad". This matches the Hollenbeck Family Register, provided by Nancy Hollenbeck. Click here to read my blog about the Hollenbeck's confusion about "Susquehanna, N.Y." . The interesting part is that John and Hannah were in Cincinnatus, New York by 1820. The Christening took place in Cobleskill, which is located near Sharon, where John's first two children were reportedly born, but did they really make the perilous journey of 85 miles all the way back there to have him christened? The answer is yes! A closer look at the records in this collection revealed that four of John and Hannah's children were christened there on the same day, : Nicholas Hallenbeek, born February 10, 1822 Henry Hallenbeek, born April 27, 1816 Eve Hallenbeek, born June 17, 1818 Mary Hallenbeek, born May 14, 1814 So we can see, the four Christenings on October 13, 1824, were John and Hannah's four youngest children. The others had probably already been Christened previously. There is a book called, "Records of the German Reformed Church in New Rhinebeck, Near Dorlach (or Sharon). Now the Reformed Church of Lawyersville, in the Town of Cobleskill, Schoharie County, N.Y.: Also Record of the Union Reformed Dutch Church of Cobleskill, 1827-1855", published in 1915, which may provide more information if a copy can be found. The photo of the Reformed Church at Cobleskill was published in the Historical Souvenir of Cobleskill , stating it was built in 1819. A visit to the location at the corner of Washington and West Main Street on Google Maps shows only a Masonic Lodge and no church there. Perhaps it was the Lawyersville Reformed Church in Cobleskill, which still stands today. Lawyersville & Sharon Reformed Church (Google Maps) Anyone with information about John Hollenbeck and his family, please comment below or contact me! Subscribe to blog for updates! Sources and more information: The Formation of Cortland County The Central New York Military Tract Historical souvenir of Cobleskill, N.Y. (p. 29 and 40) Lawyersville & Sharon Reformed Churches John Hollenbeck The Hollenbeck branch of my family Free New York genealogy resources #hollenbeck #schohariecounty #newyork #churchrecords #reformedchurch #german

One of my male Reese cousins, a direct male descendant of my Reese ancestors, took a DNA test , revealing new information about the line. His paternal haplogroup came up as R-L 1029 , information which can only be found in the Y-DNA (a male) direct descendant. According to his DNA results (Ancestry DNA), my Reese grandfather's paternal ancestry is as follows: Southern Germanic Europe 16% (see map from Ancestry below) Southeastern England & Northwestern Europe 10% Central Scotland & Northern Ireland 11% The Netherlands 3% North East England 5% West Midlands 4% Donegal, Ireland 1% Germany’s wealthiest and most scenic localities lie in its southernmost region, home to the German Alps and alpine lakes. It is also home to world-famous car manufacturers such as BMW and Audi, which power the economy and make the city of Munich one of the most expensive cities in Germany. Southern Germans also have a reputation for standing out culturally from other Germans. The saying “mia san mia” (“we are who we are”) expresses such pride. Southern Germans revel in their love of beer at the annual Oktoberfest fair, which showcases traditional food and drink like German pretzels and a specially brewed Wies’n Bier. ( Ancestry.com ) My Reese grandfather, who never drank a beer in his life, was told his family came from Wales and they lived in the mountains of Pennsylvania before moving into Central New York. The Pennsylvania part has since been confirmed and there was a Welsh Settlement in Pennsylvania, so it seemed to line up, although I've found no information past George Reese . There was also a large population of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) in Pennsylvania in colonial times. With more research, we can use this valuable information to determine the origins of our Reese family. To learn more about haplogroups, check out this short video: Click here for more information about DNA testing in genealogy . Click here for loads of free genealogy resources . Click here to learn more about the Reese family . Do you belong to this haplogroup? Let us know in the comments below or contact me . Reese Genealogy and DNA #Reese #DNA #DNAtest #GeorgeRees #haroldreese #MaynardReese #DavidReese #lloydreese #AbrahamReeseJr #AbrahamReese #josiahreese #LloydJohnReese #RebeccaAliceReese #JohnReese #genealogy #GeorgeReese

More than 13 million documents pertaining to the holocaust and its victims have been published online by Arolsen Archives, in partnership with the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial. These documents are part of "UNESCO's Memory of the World" and include items such as prisoner cards, incarceration documents, and death notices. Other items are still being added. Click here to access the collection . From there you can search click "Browse archive" to view the various collections. These are hand-written, typed forms and documents and some even include photographs and personal information. There is other important general holocaust material provided as well. For example, on the Browse Archive page, in " Incarceration Documents 1.1 - Camps and Ghettos ", an interactive map showing the location of each of the concentration camps is provided. The site takes a few minutes to load, but it is worth waiting for! Here's the link: https://arolsen-archives.org/en/ Click here for more resources to trace Jewish genealogy . Click here for thousands of free genealogy resources . #jewish #tribesofisrael #holocaust #records #resources #genocide

This weekend I was going through a box of old papers and photos that belonged to my mother, going down memory lane with the family. I always say it's important to take a lot of pictures, so we don't forget, but now in my fifties, I believe it's equally as important to label the pictures with dates, places, and people because even though we have photos, there are so many pictures of people and places I don't recognize and with all our pictures being digital now, I wonder how many people are labeling their galleries. I know I'm not! Well, there were many treasures in that old box - old postcards, letters, autographs, and lots of pictures, but one stood out and touched my heart. It was an envelope addressed to my parents, postmarked May 1979, from Santa Ana, California. It was from my mother's maternal grandmother, Delaphine "Mary" (Decker) Dickinson. Her husband, Rev. William Henry Dickinson, had died the year prior and she was visiting with her son, my mom's Uncle Bob Dickinson, in California. Enclosed was a two page hand-written letter filling my mother in on her recent travels, and with the letter was a small card on transparent vellum paper with flowers painted on one flap and a message written on the other. Since it is becoming faded, I scanned it for preservation. "Keep on learning Bible verses. Grandma" Delaphina Decker, changed her name to Mary D. Dickinson when she married Rev. William H. Dickinson, in 1925. Together they raised eight children, most of whom lived to old age. You can see a short video about her, complete with photos on YouTube here . Learn more about this line of my family here . If you're related to W. H. and Mary Dickinson, connect your branches on Wikitree ! #decker #dickinson

In my previous blog, I shared two newspaper abstracts possibly connecting my ancestor, William McGinnis, to Eglington, Derry Co., Ireland. William and several others were named in the will of Mary Garrity who died April 5, 1895, in Homer, New York. Richard Ryan was the executor of the will. ( Click here to see ). One of the heirs was Robert McGinnis of Eglinton, Derry County, Ireland. Who was he? And how was he related to William? I recently renewed my subscription to Ancestry World Explorer so I figured now is my chance to do some digging in Ireland! Read on to see what I found relating to Robert and possibly relating to William McGinnis. The first probable match I found for Robert McGinnis was on Findagrave. There are at least 48 McGinnis burials of various spellings in Star of the Sea Church Cemetery, including four named William McGinnis, but there is one I believe may have been Robert's father, William McGinnis. Both men are buried in Section D, Plot 62. I was able to locate Robert on the 1901 census and the 1911 census when he lived in the town of Carnakilly Upper, District of Eglinton, Barony of Tirkeeran, Parish of Faughanvale, Division of North Derry, County of Londonderry. The Irish name for Carnakilly Upper is Carn-na-coille. [ Source ] On the 1901 Census, his name was spelled Robert McGinnis but his wife's name was written, Rose "McGuinness". He was a farmer, age 74 and Rose was age 70. Their son 30-year old son, "Edward McGuinness" was also in the home. He was unmarried and employed as a postman. When the 1911 Census was taken, he was 83 and his wife, Rose, was 79. They were Roman Catholic. They report having 5 children but only 3 were still living in 1911. One of them was Edward McGinnis, age 40, still working as a postman. You can tour Carnakilly Upper on Google maps here: Robert's will, dated March 26, 1913, is in the registry at London, granted June 6, 1913. His effects totaled £41 0s. 2d. and the abstract reads: Probate of the Will of Robert McGinnis late of Carnakilly , County Londonderry Farmer who died 26 March 1913 granted at Londonderry to Jeremiah McGowan J.P. Farmer. Oddly enough, the only will found for William McGinnis that matches the date in the Findagrave memorial is William McGinnis will granted March 2, 1893, but stating that he died on Feb. 12, 1884 : Letters of Administration (with the Will annexed) of the personal estate of William M'Ginnis otherwise M'Ginness late of Dernaflaw County Londonderry Farmer who died 12 February 1884 at same place were granted at Londonderry to Mary M'Ginnis of Dernaflaw the Widow and Universal Legatee. Another similar match in wills is that of "William Maginnes", who died February 21, 1893, with an estate of £459 9s. 6d., granted March 11, 1893 as follows: The Will of William Maginnes late of Knockmore County Antrim Farmer who died 21 February 1893 at same place was proved at Belfast by William Blackburn and Henry Monroe both of Lissue said County Farmers the Executors. It appears that this "William Maginnis" was also counted on the 1851 census in Killead, Lower Massereen, Antrim. He was 30 at the time and married to Susanna, age 26. Stay tuned to follow my research on this branch of my family tree. If you have any information, please use the comments below or contact me. Sources: William McGinnis Bio [ Link ] Mary Garrity death cert. # 32085 1911 Census Ireland [ Link ] Will of Robert McGinnis [ Link ] Ireland, Civil Registration Deaths Index, Londonderry, Vol. 2, p. 139; FHL Film No. 0101605 #ireland #mcginnis #williammcginnis #ireland

My ancestor, William McGinnis, born about 1828 in Ireland, arrived in America in 1849 or 1850. In my previous blog , I revealed a clue I found, indicating that William had a brother or close relative, named Robert McGinnis, who lived in Eglinton, Derry, Northern Ireland, in 1895. William also appears to have had at least three sisters, Rosa, Susan, and Mary. In 1901, Robert lived in Carnakilly Upper, District of Eglinton, Barony of Tirkeeran, Parish of Faughanvale, Division of North Derry, County of Londonderry. Those census records can be seen here in my previous post , along with Robert's burial information. Take a virtual tour of Eglinton with this interactive map: In an attempt to find out who Robert's family was, I hoped to find a household containing two boys named William and Robert on the census of 1841, but had no such luck. The census abstracts for Northern Ireland are shown below. Keep in mind, we are looking for the following family, all born in Ireland: Susan McGinnis, born abt. 1826 and was in New York by 1850. Robert McGinnis, born about 1827 and stayed in Ireland. William McGinnis, born about 1828 and was in New York by 1850. Rosa McGinnis, born abt. 1832 and was in New York by 1855. Mary McGinnis, born in 1841 and was in New York by 1860. The following McGinnis families found in the 1841 Census Abstracts for Northern Ireland are possible matches: Next, I will research the McGinnis family of Londonderry, Tirkeeran, and Faughanvale. Stay tuned as I continue to follow the lineage of the McGinnis family. If you have information to contribute, please use the comments below or contact me . Click here to learn more about William McGinnis . #williammcginnis #mcginnis #ireland #londonderry

Old newspapers are a vital part of researching family history and finding more personal details about their lives. In the pages of the local news, you can find announcements of marriages, births, deaths, or funerals, social, legal, and other news. Items like the ones shown below, however, reporting family reunions, can provide many valuable clues about extended family, which can potentially help break down brick walls in your family tree. In the past, it was common for family reunions to be published in the news before and after the event. In these you can find valuable clues among the names of the attendees. I was hoping to learn about the family of my 3rd great-grandmother, Catherine (Smith) McGinnis. After finding an article about one reunion, I performed a search using her children's names to locate any subsequent reunions and was able to find a few! If you're interested in analyzing these tidbits, read on! Otherwise, click here to check out my list of sites for finding newspapers to see if you can find similar clues about your family! ANNUAL REUNION of the Smith-McGinnis Families at Mrs. E. J. Dunbar's The Smith-McGinnis families held their fifth annual reunion on Saturday at the home of Mrs. E. J. Dunbar on Academy St., twenty-one people being present. A bountiful dinner was served on tables set on the lawn and the day was greatly enjoyed by all. At the business meeting the following officers were elected: President: Nicholas Smith Vice President: Mrs. E. J. Dunbar Historian: Rose Hollenbeck Those present were: Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Smith, Mr. and Mrs. John Davern and Charles Smith of Newark Valley; Mr. and Mrs. Jasper Hollenbeck of Willet; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Davern, sons, Clarence and Bernard of Cortland; Mr. and Mrs. Fred Turner, daughter Hazel and son Maurice of Groton; Mr. and Mrs. D. J. Underwood, Mrs. E. J. Dunbar, Miss Lizzie Wyle, Will McGinnis and Agnes Dunbar. [Cortland Standard, Aug. 28, 1911]. ------------------------------- "The Smith McGinnis family reunion was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Fred Turner last Saturday. Guests were present from McGraw, Willet, and Texas Valley. Mrs. Turner's brother, Charles McGinnis and wife and two children remained for a visit over Sunday with them." [Cortland Standard, Aug. 5, 1912] ------------------------------- McGRAWVILLE...The seventh annual picnic of the McGinnis-Smith families was held Saturday at the home of Mr. and Mrs. D. J. Underwood. The tables were arranged on the lawn and 21 were present. The next reunion will be held the second Saturday in August, 1914, with Mr. and Mrs. Ed O'Brien in Lestershire. Music and recitations were listed to after dinner and a very enjoyable day was spent. Those present were Mrs. Edward O'Brien of Lestershire, Miss Ann Smith of Binghamton, Mrs. Mary DeLaney of Whitney's Point, Mrs. John McGinnis and son, Joseph of Syracuse, Mrs. Jasper Hollenbeck, and daughter, Rose, of West Willet; Mr. and Mrs. Fred Turner and daughter Hazel of Groton City, and Mr. and Mrs. Charles McGinnis and daughters, Catherine and Eleanor; Mrs. Grace Dunbar and daughter, Agnes, Mr. and Mrs. D. J. Underwood and Mr. and Mrs. Wm. McGinnis and son, Basil of this place. A large number from this vicinity attended the Underwood reunion Saturday at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Rogers in Freetown and report a good time and about 120 in attendance. John Dunbar, who has been visiting relatives here left Monday for his home in Adrian, Mich. [Cortland Democrat, Aug. 15, 1913]. ------------------------------- SMITH-MCGINNIS FAMILY Annual Picnic Held on Saturday - Many Present Between twenty and thirty people were present at the Smith-McGinnis family reunion held Saturday at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Will McGinnis on the farm north of the village. The day was ideal for a picnic and the dinner the best possible, nothing being left out, from chick-pie to warm biscuits, and honey to ice cream. After dinner, music and visiting passed the time very pleasantly and at the business meeting the following officers were elected: President - Arthur Davern Vice President - Mrs. Charles McGinnis It was decided to hold the next meeting the second Saturday in August with Mr. and Mrs. Fred Turner of Groton City. The historian reported that there had been no marriages or births and but one death, that of William Vallier , during the past year. Those present were Mr. and Mrs. Fred Turner of Groton City, Mr. and Mrs. Homer Reynolds, son Robert and daughter Gertrude, of Summerhill, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Davern and children of Whitney Point, Thomas DeLaney of Newark Valley, Miss Rose Hollenbeck of Willet, Hugh Reagan of Syracuse, Mr. and Mrs. Charles McGinnis and daughters Catherine and Eleanor, Mrs. Margaret Underwood, Mrs. Grace Dunbar and daughter Miss Agnes Dunbar, Mr. and Mrs. Will McGinnis and son Basil, and Mr. and Mrs. George Wylie. [Cortland Standard, Aug. 11, 1919]. ------------------------------- After hours of analyzing these clippings, I came to the conclusion that the attendees were all related to the descendants of William and Catherine (Smith) McGinnis, as listed on William's Bio & Scrapbook page : William Vallier was related through Rose (McGinnis), who I believe was William McGinnis' sister (or possibly a cousin?) from Ireland. Rose married James Ryan and is buried in Cortland, New York. This discovery was made through my Ancestry DNA results. See my previous post for details . If you're interested in getting your DNA test, I highly recommend Ancestry DNA. Click here to get your DNA test on Amazon . (Affiliate referral). To identify the connection between William Vallier and Rose McGinnis, I did some digging and came to learn that he was born March 1, 1891, in Virgil, Cortland County, New York [WWI Draft, 1917]. He married Rose Eliza Ryan, born about 1896, on January 3, 1914 in McGraw [Homer Republican, Jan. 8, 1914, page 5]. Her parents were Robert Ryan and Adeline White. [ Findagrave ]. Robert was a son of Rose (McGinnis) Ryan, and thus, the connection is made. See below for more info on William Vallier. There were a few Smith clues, which may lead to identifying Catherine Smith's family: (Links to updates!) Nicholas Smith , the "President" of the Smith-McGinnis "business meeting", attended the 1911 reunion. Charles Smith of Newark Valley also attended in 1911. Charles born abt. 1865 was a brother of Nicholas, above. Miss Ann Smith of Binghamton attended in 1913. Ann born abt. 1861 was a sister of Nicholas, above. Mrs. Edward O'Brien of Lestershire attended in 1913. (Johnson City was originally incorporated as the village of Lestershire in 1892. It was changed to Johnson City in 1916.) Mrs. Mary DeLaney of Whitney Point attended in 1913. Mary born abt. 1859 was a sister of Nicholas, above. Thomas DeLaney of Newark Valley attended in 1919. While I have yet to find any reunions announced in the 1920s, two more were reported in the 1930s. They were held at the home of my great-grandmother, Rose (Hollenbeck) Leonard, probably on Leonard Road . Rose seemingly had an interest in family history and preservation. Tragically, her home in Willet burned down in 1949 , undoubtedly destroying priceless records, heirlooms, and photographs. The Cortland Standard reported the 1933 reunion as follows. Notice, there were relatives who came from Summerhill, Groton, Cortland, McGraw, Green, Whitney Point, Glen Aubrey, Binghamton and Johnson City to attend. The following year, 1934, the reunion was held on August 19, again at the Hollenbeck home in Willet. There were 53 relatives present! Stay tuned for my next blog to see what can be found with these clues, if anything. Smith is the number one, most popular surname in the United States , a nightmare for anyone researching the name! If you have any corrections, additions, or want to join in the search, use the comments below! ------------------------------------------ The following notes contain additional information I gathered about the Valliers while trying to determine who William Vallier was, for anyone researching his family: William and Rose Vallier had four children in the six years they were together, before his death, which occurred on March 12, 1919, at the age of 28. He is buried in Marathon Cemetery in Sec. 23, Lot 27. His obituary, printed in the Cortland Standard, Fri., March 14, 1919, on page 8, says he was the son of William and Janela Madole Vallier and was born in Messengerville. It restates his birthday as March 1, 1891, adding that his father died when he was three days old. After the death of his father, his mother had remarried to Jasper L. Haley. The family was counted on the census in Freetown in 1900 with Jasper Haley (age 50), Jennie A. Haley (age 35), Almira L. Vallier (daughter, age 11), and Will H. Vallier (age 9). Jasper Haley was born 1850/51. He was living in Virgil with his mother "C. Haley" and grandfather, S. Hall (Stephen Hall) in 1855. Stephen Hall had another son, Lester Hall who married a woman named Louisa. William Vallier's obituary confirms that his mother's name at the time of his death was Mrs. Jennie Haley , and a sister, Mrs. Mina Johnson (Mrs. Frank Johnson), stating that both survived him. William Vallier's sister, Mina, was born abt. 1887 and married Frank A. Johnson on June 27, 1908, in Virgil. Frank was a son of Clinton C. Johnson and Ella Chaplin and Mina's parents are transcribed as Will E. Vallier and Julia Madole (FamilySearch: New York, County Marriages, 1847-1848; 1908-1936). Cortland Standard Dec. 31, 1915, p. 8 "McGraw...Mrs. Jennie Haley and brother, Frank Madole of Le Roy, Mich., visited Mr. and Mrs. Will Vallier of East Freetown, the first of the week." According to Frank Madole's 1946 death certificate, he was born in Cortland, New York in 1875 to Frank Madole and Charlotte "Lottie" Allen . Charlotte Allen was born in New York in 1852 and died in Michigan in 1893. The names of her parents on her death certificate are Anthony Allen and Annie Allen . Mina is short Minerva, as it is written on the 1910 and 1920 census of Cortland. Mina and Frank Johnson had daughters Helen and Edith Johnson. See more: William McGinnis Bio & Scrapbook Free Genealogy Resources #mcginnis #williammcginnis #rosehollenbeck #news #smith

While registering births in New York was not required until the 1880s, marriages have required a marriage license or bond since the 1660s. Check this resource for finding marriage licenses issues in New York prior to 1784: Names of persons for whom marriage licenses were issued by the secretary of the province of New York, previous to 1784 [ Alternate Link ] See also: New York Marriages 1703-1705 New York Marriages 1756-1758 Supplementary list of marriage licenses Click here for more New York resources . Click here for all Genealogy Resources . #newyork #marriagerecords #colonial #records #genealogy #resources

Joshua Burrill was born in 1781 in Thompson, Windham, Connecticut. He married Caroline Fitts in Oxford, Massachusetts, on March 9, 1809. Together they had five confirmed children and I believe they were also the parents of Sophronia, my 4th great-grandmother. Caroline died in 1848 and Joshua remarried to a woman by the name of Merinda. His will was written on April 23, 1864 and he died almost one year later, on April 15, 1865. It was the very same day of Abraham Lincoln's assassination. His will was probated on May 22, 1865, in Genesee County. Transcription: "In the name of God, Amen. I, Joshua Burrill, of the Town of Pembroke in the County of Genesee and State of New York, of the age of eighty-two years and being of sound mind and memory, do make, publish and declare this my last will and testament in the manner following that is to say: First, I give and bequeath to my three oldest daughters, Patty [Martha] Redman, Brooksey King and Achsah King the sum of two hundred dollars a piece. I direct and order to be paid out of my estate to the said respective legatees within five years after my decease. Second, I give and bequeath to my only son, Arba F. Burrill, the sum of ten dollars and to be paid within five years after my decease. Third, I give and devise to my youngest daughter, Mahaleth Sumeriski and Jacob Sumeriski , her husband, and the survivor of them all my real estate that I may own at my decease, for them to own and control forever, and I further give and bequeath to my daughter Mahaleth and Jacob Sumeriski all my personal estate goods and chattels of what nature or kind soever for them to have and to hold forever, and I do further provide that the said Mahaleth and Jacob Sumeriski shall pay or cause to be paid the above legacies within the time mentioned for payment for the same. Fourth, I do further provide that my wife is to be provided for, and taken care of so long as she shall live by the said Mahaleth and Jacob Sumeriski , and the support and maintenance of my said wife and the above mentioned legacies shall be a hire and charge upon my estate divided and bequeathed to them. In witness thereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this twenty third day of April in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five. - Joshua Burrill Here Joshua mentions four daughters, but when the 1820 census was taken, he lived in Auburn, Worcester, Mass. His household contained one male under age 10 (Arba), one male 26-44 (Joshua), three females under age 10 (Brooksey, Achsah, Sophronia?), one female age 10-15 (Martha), one female age 26-44 (Caroline). It is puzzling to me why no mention is made of Sophronia in his will. Written family histories give her father's name as Joshua Burrill and my DNA even matches his descendants and relatives of his parents, as mentioned in one of my previous blogs , but so far I know of no evidence of Sophronia's birth. It seems as if he disowned her - how sad! If anyone can help, please comment below or contact me. Following is the will of Joshua Burrill of Pembroke, Genesee County, New York. Feel free to print, save, or just view it here. Stay tuned for updates! See more... Sophronia Burrill Joshua Burrill New York Genealogy Resources by County & Town Genealogy Dashboard #burrill #sophroniaburrill #joshuaburrill #leonard #brickwall #genealogy #family

This letter Margaret (Dickinson) Reese wrote to her aunt, Emma Dickinson of Newark, New Jersey, in April 1954*. *The above letter was written after Margaret's daughter was born, and is therefore dated incorrectly. It must have been written in April of 1954, not 1953. Also, notice, she made no mention of cancer. Had she not been diagnosed yet? Surely she would have given her aunt an update if she had. The next letter is undated but appears to have been written after the previous letter, but obviously before Margaret's death, which occurred on September 11, 1954. This would indicate she was diagnosed and died within a maximum of five months. Read about her spectacular deathbed experience in my previous blog, Victory in death at the age of 24 . A diary that Emma Dickinson kept in 1919 is available for reading. Click here . See the Dickinson page for more. #margaretdickinson #dickinson #EmmaDickinson

In my previous posts I've shared lots of information about the Pilgrims, Puritans, and Strangers - the passengers of the Mayflower. These brave souls were willing and able to give up every convenience for a chance to practice their Christian religion freely. They were devoted to the point of risking their lives, and, in fact, 58 of the 108 known passengers died either on the voyage or in the first year of arrival. After a voyage of 66 days, they arrived at Cape Cod in November of 1620 but remained on board for several weeks before stepping onto the baron and frigid shores. With no accommodations, they began building their homes at the start of a deadly winter. Check out my Mayflower database here to learn more about the Mayflower passengers, complete with antique illustrations. Commemorative Mayflower passenger list Get your copy of this Mayflower passenger list on Amazon ! Click here for my Mayflower database complete with illustrations . Click here for more Mayflower genealogy resources . Click here for thousands of other free genealogy resources . #mayflower #pilgrims #plymouth #massachusetts #colonial

As we approach Thanksgiving and reflect on the historic pilgrimage of the "first-comers" from Europe to New England almost 400 years ago, the story of the Pilgrims who came on the Mayflower is told year after year. But who were they? The majority of the passengers were Separatists who believed the doctrines of the Anglican Church were corrupt beyond repair. They did not see any hope for the church to be reformed to the true gospel of Christ and sought to form a new church, separate from the Church of England. The number of dissenters had been growing steadily since The Geneva Bible, the first translation of the Holy Scriptures from Latin to English was printed in 1560. The King James Bible, published in 1611, also played a major role in the movement, allowing the people to read the Scriptures for themselves, rather than being limited to what the Church of England was teaching. Not only was being a Separatist in England illegal, but the people were forced to attend the Anglican Church services or face steep fines. If fines were left unpaid, it resulted in confiscation of property and/or imprisonment. These penalties may have caused some to abandon their convictions and conform to the crown's demands, but a group from the town of Scrooby, in Nottinghamshire, continued in the faith holding Bible studies and worship services secretly until they were discovered and had no choice but to flee. They sought a place where they could practice a true and pure Biblical religion without interference and in 1608, led by William Brewster and John Robinson, they escaped to Amsterdam, Holland, where they could do just that. There they remained for several years, until doctrinal disputes between them and other Separatists began to arise, prompting the Scrooby bunch to move to Leiden, Holland. There they were permitted by the University of Leiden to hold services in one of their chapels, therefore referred to as "Members of the Leiden Congregation". This interactive Google Map shows the University of Leiden, where our Pilgrim ancestors once walked. Use the arrows to navigate and take a look around! The Scrooby pilgrims remained there until they saw the opportunity to start their own colony in the New World. They wanted to set an example as a "City upon a hill" for all the world to see what a nation serving God could accomplish with his blessing. Note: There are several good films and documentaries you can watch to find out more about their tribulation and journey to freedom. (These are currently free for those who have Amazon Prime): American Experience: The Pilgrims (2015) [ Link ] The Pilgrim Fathers - A Perilous Voyage & The Founding of a New Nation [ Link ] Mayflower: The Pilgrims Adventure (1979) [ Link ] This list of passengers was printed in "Catalogue of the historical collection and pictures in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth", by the Pilgrim Society, 1903. The members of the Leiden Congregation have been marked with a red circle (by me). The second largest category of passengers were those recruited by the London Merchant Adventurers. They were mostly Non-Separatists who did not seek to start a new church, but instead hoped to reform or "purify" the Church of England from within, thus called Puritans. The third category were a number of single men were also employed by the Mayflower Company to perform certain tasks. John Alden, for example, was hired a Cooper, in charge of maintaining the wooden barrels used to store food and water on the ship. Myles Standish was hired to guard and protect the colony. Finally, there were an unknown number of crewmen on the ship, including Capt. Christopher Jones. Of the 108 known passengers and crewmen, 53 died during the voyage or within the first year. Today there are over 35 millions descendants of Mayflower passengers. Are you one of them? Tell us below! To learn more about each of the Pilgrims, click here . Sources: Catalogue of the historical collection and pictures in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, by the Pilgrim Society, 1903. [ Link ] U.S. History for AP Students [ Link ] Course Notes: Puritans [ Link ]

Elizabeth Feake was the second wife of Capt. John Underhill . They were married in 1658 in Oyster Bay (New York) and Elizabeth converted John to the Quaker faith. Like the Underhill family, Elizabeth Feake's family was also influential in colonial America. Her mother was Elizabeth (Fones) Feake , born on January 21, 1610, in Groton, Suffolk, England, (shown above) a daughter of Thomas Fones , a London apothecary. Her mother was Anne (Winthrop) Fones , sister of John Winthrop, the eventual Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Robert and Elizabeth's second daughter, Hannah, was also a devoted Quaker. In 1656, when Dutch Director-General, Pieter Stuyvesant banned the assembling and worshiping outside of the Dutch Reformed Church, the trouble began. The persecution of Baptists and Quakers became so severe that in 1657, thirty of Flushing's townspeople signed the Flushing Remonstrance , formally protesting the ban. It was written by Edward Hart, and is considered a precursor to the Constitution and the First Amendment in the Bill of rights. The petition was printed in Ecclesiastical Records , State of New York, Vol. 1, p. 412-413, shown here: Signers of the Flushing Remonstrance, 1657: Religious Freedom in America 1657-1957 Commemorative stamp Nicolas Blackford George Clere Elias Doughtie Edward Farrington, magistrate Tobias Feake, sheriff Antonie Field Robert Field, Sr. Robert Field, Jr. John Foard Edward Griffine Edward Hart Nathaniel Hefferd Benjamin Hubbard John Mastine Michael Milner William Noble, magistrate Nicholas Parsell William Pidgion Henry Semtell Richard Stockton John Store Edward Tarne William Thorne Sr. William Thorne, Jr. John Townsend Henry Townsend Nathaniel Tue Micah Tue Phillip Udall George Wright Stuyvesant stood firm in his stance against religious tolerance, however. Some of the signers were arrested, including Edward Hart and the sheriff, Tobias Feake (a cousin of Elizabeth Feake ). They were imprisoned for weeks, living only on bread and water. Hart was released and banished after about a month, on account of his old age and upon the petition of his family and friends, and Tobias Feake recanted after about seven weeks and was released and fined. He was also banned from holding any political office. Stuyvesant's law prevailed for several more years. Meanwhile, in 1662, Hannah and John Bowne were holding Quaker meetings in their home, which resulted in John Bowne being arrested and deported to Holland. There he petitioned the Dutch West India Company, arguing that Stuyvesant's ban on all religions outside of the Dutch Reformed Church violated their basic human rights, and contradicted freedoms promised in Governor Kieft's Flushing Patent of 1645. Bowne's plea fell on sympathetic ears and he was granted permission to return to New Netherland (New York) with a letter instructing Stuyvesant to end religious persecution in the colony. It was the first time religious freedom was guaranteed in the New World. Bowne recorded his account of the Flushing Remonstrance in his journal. His name is highly esteemed and memorialized in Flushing. His house, built before 1662, still stands as a historic landmark and two schools bear his name. (See " John Bowne remembered in Queens "). He lived from 1627 to 1695 and is remembered for his role in establishing freedom of religion in America. The "Religious Freedom" commemorative stamp was printed in 1957, marking 300 years of religious freedom in America. These make a great addition to the family scrapbook! Get yours on ebay ! These make a great addition to the family scrapbook! Get yours on ebay ! Sources: John Underhill (captain) [ Wikipedia ] Elizabeth Fones [ Wikipedia ] Greenwich Free Press, June 2, 2016, "Spared from the Wrecking Ball, Elizabeth Feake House was 'A Hidden Treasure under Our Noses'". [ Link ] Greenwich Sentinel, July 13, 2018, "Restored Feake-Ferris House to be Unveiled at Founder's Day Reception". [ Link ] Greenwich Free Press, July 18, 2018, "Found's Day Features Unveiling of Restored Feake-Ferris House c1645 in Old Greenwich". [ Link ] GreenwichPoint.org Feake-Ferris House [ Wikipedia ] John Bowne [ Wikipedia ] Flushing Remonstrance [ Wikipedia ] #connecticut #historical #historicalhomes #greenwich #underhill #feake #decker #mayo #freedomofreligion #religion #quakers #bowne

You've heard of Christmas, Halloween, Easter, and Thanksgiving, but have you ever observed the Day of Public Humiliation ? While such terminology is far removed from today's America, our ancestors in New England knew exactly what it was and observed it. Prior to embarking on their historic voyage, the Mayflower passengers fasted and observed a Day of Public Humiliation to "seek the Lord for direction". Fasting, according to Scriptures, is necessary in order to cast out and repel evil spirits and it also helps instill humility (having a humble spirit), which is required because God doesn't hear the prayers of the proud and the arrogant. The pilgrims certainly wanted God to hear their prayers as they ventured out onto the raging seas to found their new colony, the "city upon a hill". Although the signers of the Mayflower Compact agreed their voyage was made "for the glory of God and advancement of ye Christian faith", some were more God-fearing and devoted than others. In fact, Mayflower passenger and Compact signer John Billington was said to have murdered a man during a dispute, a violation of God's 6th commandment "Thou shall not kill". The church was the center of the community and strict rules were put in place to prevent people from giving place to sin, or the breaking of God's laws. The scriptures teach that sin leads to oppression and evil, so when liberalism and lawlessness crept in, the leaders recognized the dangers of allowing it to continue and prepared for spiritual warfare through prayer and fasting. Below is a proclamation made on September 8, 1670, declaring September 22 a Day of Public Humiliation, due to an "increase of sin and evil". From "The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England". Transcription: At a council held at Boston, Septemb. 8, 1670. The Council taking into the serious Consideration the low estate of the Churches of God throughout the World, and the increase of Sin and Evil amongst ourselves, Gods hand following us for the same, Do therefore Appoint the Two and twentieth of the instant September to be a Day of Publick Humiliation throughout this Jurisdiction, and do command the same to several Churches, Elders, Ministers and People, solemnly to keep it accordingly: Hereby prohibiting all servile work on that day. By the Council, Edward Rawson Secret'. [Secretary] Days of fasting and prayer were declared at different times and on different days since then. Some states implemented their own dates, but on July 20, 1775, the Second Continental Congress issued a proclamation for "a day of publick humiliation, fasting, and prayer" to be observed by the English Colonies. It was the first "national" day set aside for this purpose. Today we officially still observe this practice twice a year - in the Fall and the Spring. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln established Thanksgiving as a day of prayer and thanksgiving in the Fall and in 1952, President Harry Truman established the National Day of Prayer as a day of prayer and fasting in the Spring. Each year, the President is to make a statement encouraging Americans to pray on the National Day of Prayer. The law reads as follows: The President shall issue each year a proclamation designating the first Thursday in May as a National Day of Prayer on which the people of the United States may turn to God in prayer and meditation at churches, in groups, and as individuals. ( 36 U.S. Code § 119 ). The next Thanksgiving falls on November 25, 2021, and the next National Day of Prayer is May 5, 2022. We would be wise to take the advice of our forefathers and observe them, in hopes of restoring God's favor and blessing upon this nation and its people, but implementing these practices into our everyday lives couldn't hurt either. For more information about the days of fasting and the early establishment of holidays in America, see The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England , by w. DeLoss Love, 1895. UPDATE: Honest to God, at the moment I was about to post this blog, the Verse of the Day popped up on my phone and here's what it is: #massachusettsbaycolony #religion #prayer #christianity #faith #law

Of the original arrivals in the Plymouth Bay Colony, we know the Mayflower passengers made the first settlement in 1620, followed by The Fortune in 1621. Next to arrive were the Anne and the Little James in 1623. The two ships departed England and traveled together, but the Little James was slightly delayed after going off course. The Anne arrived on July 10th and Little James arrived on August 5th, three weeks later. The ships didn't have their own passenger lists, but Governor Bradford's writings and other records provide us with the following names of passengers known to be on either one of the ships: Commemorative Anne & James passenger list Anthony Annable Jane (Momford) Annable Edward Bangs John Bangs Jonathan Bangs Mrs. Lydia (Hix) Bangs Robert Bartlett Mary Becket Fear Brewster Patience Brewster Mrs. Mary (Oldham) Bridges William Bridges* Edward Burcher* Thomas Clark Christopher Conant Mrs. Hester Cook Anthony Dix John Faunce Mrs. Flavel Edmond Flood Mrs. Bridget Fuller Godbert Godbertson Sarah (Allerton) Vincent-Priest Godbertson Alice (Collard) Hatherley Timothy Hatherley William Heard Mary Hilton Mrs. Hilton William Hilton John Hix (presumed) Mrs. Margaret Hix Sarah Hix (presumed) Edward Holman John Jenney* Sarah (Carey) Jenney* Manasseh Kempton Robert Long Experience Mitchell Thomas Morton Jr George Morton* Juliana (Carpenter) Morton* Mrs. Ellen Newton John Oldham Lucretia Oldham Mrs. Oldham Mrs. Frances Palmer Christian Penn Joshua Pratt Mary Priest Sarah Priest James Rand Robert Ratcliffe Nicholas Snow Constant Southworth Mrs. Alice (Carpenter) Southworth Thomas Southworth Francis Sprague Barbara Thomas Tilden Stephen Tracy Tryphosa (Lee) Tracy Mrs. Joyce Wallen Ralph Wallen Abigail Warren Anne Warren Elizabeth Warren Mary Warren Mrs. Elizabeth Warren Sarah Warren Get an 8x10 copy of this passenger list on Amazon . Note: I found an interesting book called Christopher Jarrett of New Plymouth, published January 1, 1957, by Winona Strachan. The main character of the story is Christopher Jarrett, who arrived in Plymouth three years after the Mayflower. Could he have been on the Anne or the Little James? See my previous blog for details . Watch the illustrated story on YouTube! See also The Mayflower Passenger List and The Fortune Passenger List . Click here for my Mayflower database complete with illustrations . Click here for more Mayflower genealogy resources . Click here for thousands of other free genealogy resources .

The story of New York is often characterized by its towering skyscrapers, bustling streets, and diverse populations. However, long before the city became a global icon, it was filled with smaller settlements shaped by the lives and stories of early inhabitants. From the native tribes that first roamed its land to the European settlers who arrived seeking new opportunities, the narratives of these early New York settlers are filled with resilience, adventure, and hidden struggles. In this post, we will explore the untold stories of those who laid the foundations of New York, shedding light on their lives, dreams, and the challenges they faced. The Dutch Settlement in New Netherland The Lenape Peoples: The First Inhabitants Before the arrival of Europeans, the land that is now New York was home to the Lenape people. This indigenous group thrived along the region's waterways, engaging in agriculture, hunting, and fishing. They grew crops like maize, beans, and squash, known as the "Three Sisters," which were central to their diet and culture. The Lenape lived in harmony with nature, utilizing the land sustainably while developing a rich culture that included art, storytelling, and strong community ties. Their intricate networks of trade and kinship extended as far as the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Coast, allowing them to interact with numerous tribes. With the arrival of European settlers in the early 1600s, however, the Lenape's way of life faced unprecedented challenges. As they engaged in trade with the Dutch, many families were displaced, and their populations dwindled due to new diseases like smallpox and violent conflicts. For instance, by 1670, the Lenape population had decreased by over 50%, marking a tragic decline due to these external pressures. Dutch Settlement: A New Dawn In 1624, the Dutch established a significant presence in New York by founding a trading post on the southern tip of Manhattan Island. This outpost focused on the lucrative fur trade, drawing them into often tumultuous relationships with the Lenape. The Dutch settlers introduced agricultural advancements, including the cultivation of crops such as wheat and barley, which transformed local farming practices. They also constructed notable buildings in a style that combined European and local techniques. Their most significant legacy is New Amsterdam, which evolved into present-day New York City. Despite their initial aim of peaceful trade, tensions frequently erupted. A prominent example is Kieft's War (1643-1645), initiated by conflicts over land and resources. This quarrel resulted in extensive violence, including the massacre of the Lenape at the hands of Dutch forces, painting a grim picture of colonial life. The English Takeover: Change and Continuity In 1664, the English seized control of New Amsterdam, renaming it New York. This transition brought significant changes, including the imposition of stricter laws and a social hierarchy favoring elite groups over others. Nonetheless, some Dutch customs endured and continued to shape the culture. The English retained many Dutch trading practices, helping to boost the economy. By 1700, New York's population had grown to approximately 5,000, showcasing the benefits of continued commerce and migration. A Diverse Melting Pot As the city expanded, it transformed into a melting pot of cultures, with settlers arriving from various European nations, including England, France, and Germany. This diversity brought different traditions, languages, and customs, enriching New York's social tapestry. The arrival of enslaved Africans also added complexity to the city's fabric. Many were forced to work on plantations and in emerging industries. In 1703, a census revealed that about 20% of New York's population consisted of enslaved individuals. Over time, a community of free Black citizens began to emerge, creating their own vibrant culture and fighting against oppressive systems. The Revolutionary Spirit By the mid-18th century, growing tensions between the colonies and the British crown spurred a spirit of revolution. Many early New York settlers played crucial roles in the American Revolutionary War, advocating for freedom and independence. Notable figures such as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay emerged as leaders in the struggle for liberty. Their efforts and the sacrifices made by everyday settlers underscore the fight for self-determination that would shape not just New York, but the entire nation. For example, Hamilton's economic policies and Jay's role in negotiating the Treaty of Paris were pivotal in establishing a new nation. The Impact of Early Settlers The legacies of early New York settlers still resonate today, from the city's diverse architecture to its vibrant population. The stories of their struggles, aspirations, and resilience deserve recognition, as they provide valuable lessons relevant to today's society. Many challenges faced by these settlers, such as land disputes, community conflicts, and the quest for justice, echo modern discussions surrounding immigration, social equality, and community development. Understanding these narratives fosters a deeper appreciation for contemporary New York and emphasizes the importance of diverse voices in shaping its future. Honoring Our Past The hidden stories of early New York settlers are rich tapestries woven from threads of struggle, adaptation, and resilience. From the Lenape peoples to the diverse population drawn by European settlement, each group contributed profoundly to the state's identity. By uncovering these narratives, we not only honor those who came before us but also gain insights into the complexities of community and the human experience. As we continue to write our own stories, let us remember and learn from the untold narratives that laid the foundation of one of the world's most renowned states. These hidden tales of early New York settlers remind us of the intricate past that shapes our present and guides our future. Understanding their journeys can cultivate greater empathy and connection within our communities, ultimately enriching New York’s narrative and its ongoing story. Where to Find New York's History Because most of my family lived in New York for the past 400 years or more, I've discovered many resources for finding New York's history. Click here to visit my New York Genealogy Resources page .

My father is good at making up tales about his Leonard ancestors. "There was grandpa George Washington Leonard and then there was grandpa Abraham Lincoln Leonard", he's been telling us for years. The truth, however, was that nothing about his Leonard heritage had been passed down to us. His father was born in central New York and his grandfather had lived somewhere in the same area, and that was the extent of our knowledge of our Leonard history. While I haven't found any connection to Washington or Lincoln, he wasn't too far off! His roots run deep in America, back to colonial times. I can't wait to share with him the details about the time his 7th great-grandfather, Samuel Leonard was kidnapped by Indians! King Philip's war ended in April of 1678, but being warned by friendly Indians of retaliation by vengeful remnants of Philip's tribe, settlement at Worcester, Massachusetts, was delayed until 1683. Among the brave men who dared settle the new frontier were Isaac, Jacob, and Samuel Leonard, all brothers. Their nephew Moses Leonard, son of their brother, John Leonard, also settled there. The spelling of the Leonard name varies in records. Lennardson, Learned, Lerned, Lenerson, Lenorson, Lernett, Larned, and Lenord are common alternate spellings or misspellings in written records. The four Leonard men selected their homes on 40-acre lots near Lake Quinsagamond. The lands that once belonged to Samuel and Isaac Leonard now belongs to the City of Worcester. Samuel Leonard was living on his 40-acre lot in August of 1692, when he signed a petition to the governor as "Samuel Lenorson, Constable", an office for which he was chosen. He was born in 1643 and married first to Abigail Wood, daughter of John Wood, of Plymouth. The family went to Bridgewater in about 1690 "and built his house on this high ground, overlooking the lake." The road shown here on this interactive Google map runs along the banks of Lake Quinsagamond in Worcester: In the fall of 1695, while the men of the colony were busy harvesting crops, a band of Indians coming through saw Samuel's 14-year old son, Samuel Jr., playing outdoors and one by the name of Bampico abducted the youth. With Samuel in tow, the tribe (possibly the Nipnet tribe) then attacked the settlers at Haverhill, Massachusetts, killing 27 men, women and children, burning six houses, carrying 13 captives away, and looting all they could carry. Among these captives were Mrs. Hannah Dustin (or Duston) and her newborn child and Mrs. Mary Neff. The infant, however, was brutally murdered soon after. The captives were forced to march with the Indians, northward. Finally, they stopped and camped at the mouth of the Contocook River, in Boscawen (near Concord), New Hampshire, about 80 miles north of Worcester. It was there that Samuel coerced his new master, Bampico, to share his technique of murdering Englishmen, which he proudly shared. Early the next morning, while the Indians slept, Samuel and the two women used the advice to scalp ten of their twelve captors, including Bampico, and fled the scene. A squaw woman and young boy escaped to the woods. Like Samuel's 2nd great-grandfather, James Chilton , a boat carried them to freedom. Instead of the Mayflower, their boat was a rowboat or canoe, which they took turns rowing down the Merrimack River to safety. Samuel Leonard and Mrs. Neff were both awarded 12 pounds and 10 shillings as a reward, and Mrs. Dustin was awarded 25 pounds, "for their service in slaying divers of those barbarous savages" on June 16, 1697. Cotton Mather interviewed Hannah and recorded the events in Magnalia Christi Americana: The Ecclesiastical History of New England, in 1702, and in other works. (Article XXV "A Notable Exploit: Dux Faemina Facti", beginning on page 634). ( Click here to read his account ). The True Story of Hannah Duston, Mary Neff & Samuel Leonardson illustrated A memorial stands at the location to this day at the location now called the "Hannah Duston Memorial State Historic Site". The inscription on the front of the statue's pedestal reads as follows: HEROUM GESTA (Heroic Events) FIDES JUSTITIA (Faith Justice) HANNAH DUSTON MARY NEFF SAMUEL LEONARDSON MARCH 30 1697 MID-NIGHT After believing he had lost his son, Samuel Sr., a.k.a. "Goodman Lenordson", was convinced Worcester was not safe for his remaining family. For this reason, he moved his family about 58 miles south of Worcester, to Preston, New London County, Connecticut. This proved to be a wise move, considering Worcester didn't achieve peace until much later, in 1725. After having been gone for two years, young Samuel Jr. joined his parents in Preston and there he grew to adulthood. He married a woman by the name of Lydia, with whom he had at least three sons and two daughters. They lived in Griswold (northern Preston). He died on May 11, 1718. The story can be found in several historic works, including Proceedings of the Worcester Society of Antiquity , published in 1877, on pages 291-302, shown here: Click here to learn more about my Leonard family . Click here for thousands of free genealogy resources to help with your research ! Sources: Wikipedia: Hannah Duston [ Link ] Proceedings of the Worcester Society of Antiquity, 1877, p. 291-302 [ Link ] Magnolia Christi Americana, by Cotton Mather, 1707. [ Link ] #leonard #samuelleonard #indians #nativeamerican #genealogy #worcester #massachusetts #preston #connecticut

For those who follow my research on the Leonard family, you might know that we had my father's DNA tested a few years ago with AncestryDNA , which only compares autosomal DNA - bits of pieces from all his branches. It only goes back a few generations, and with his 94,115 matches on Ancestry, it didn't make finding out who his 5th great-grandparents were any easier. Finally, we decided to have his YDNA tested. He's a direct male descendant of Charles Russell Leonard, a well established fact proven by Ancestry's (autosomal) DNA test and his many matches with other descendants of Charles R. Leonard, his sister and their mother Sophronia Burrill. Matches in his tree have Leonards from all branches in their trees so we haven't been able to pinpoint his distant Leonard relatives using those results. The Y chromosome is only passed from father to son. Sons inherit a nearly exact copy of their father's YDNA, with slight mutations (or steps, if I'm understanding correctly). It's all very complicated in my mind, but we sent in my father's saliva sample and I waited patiently (checking the app 2-3 times a day), anticipating the results answering all my questions and solving the mysteries we've all been trying to solve for decades. I was hoping it would have been quicker as the wait was agonizing for a genealogy addict like myself. It took exactly six weeks for the results to appear and I'll share the information it has revealed. If you want to help piece the family together, or help in the research, enter the information you find on each person's Wikitree profile. Be sure to always include your sources as Wikitree is a single family tree with no duplicates. Reading the help files about their formatting first is highly recommended. First of all, my father's haplogroup was found to be I-M223. Following is a summary: ( Alternate link ) Descendants of Solomon Leonard are in haplogroup I-M223, as stated several years ago by Brad Leonard on his old website at https://www.bradsport.com/GeneticsLeonardYDNA.html . "Five of Solomon Leonard of Duxbury’s direct male descendants have been tested. They are in haplogroup I2b, subclade I-M223. This would indicate that they are not related to James and Henry Leonard." (Brad Leonard) Brad explains that descendants of James and Henry Leonard (the ironmasters of Taunton) are in haplogroup J2. At least one descendant of John Leonard of Springfield also tested in haplogroup J2. Descendants of Robert Leonard of Scotland and in R1b1 and it's subclades, so we know that I-M223 confirms that my father's line (descendants of Charles Russell Leonard) are descendants of Solomon Leonard now. FamilyTreeDNA.com is currently the only company that tests YDNA. They have several different YDNA tests which provide various levels of detail. We purchased the Y37 test, which was about $120. It checks 37 markers. We can upgrade the test to check 111 markers or 700 markers, and hope to do so in the near future. (The price to upgrade to the most detailed test, the Big Y-700, is currently $299 and I was hoping it wasn't necessary.) Our goal is to identify the parents of Russell Leonard . Before reviewing the matches, let's keep in mind what relationships some of these matches should have with my father and how much DNA they may share. My father's relationships and DNA matches First Cousins First cousins descend from your parents' siblings, or, people you share grandparents with. Descendants of Albert J. Leonard & Rose Hollenbeck are my father's First Cousins and my First Cousins 1x removed, 2x removed, etc. First cousins share about 12.5% of their DNA, or between 7% and 14%. The average is 874 cM (or bet. 553-1225 cM). First Cousins 1x removed share about half that - 6.25%, or between 3% and 9%. Second Cousins Second cousins descend from your grandparents' siblings, or, people you share great-grandparents with. Descendants of Lewis Leonard & Cora Sherman are my father's Second Cousins and my Second Cousins 1x removed, 2x removed, etc. Second cousins share about 3.13% of their DNA, or between 3% and 5%. Second Cousins 1x removed share about 1.5% DNA, or up to 2.54%. The average is 233 cM (or bet. 46-515 cM). Third Cousins Third cousins descend from your great-grandparents' siblings, or, people you share 2nd great-grandparents with. Descendants of Charles R. Leonard & Mary Polly Brown are my father's Third Cousins and my Third Cousins 1x removed, 2x removed, etc. Third Cousins generally share about 0.78% of their DNA, or up to 2%. The average is 73 cM but can be up to 234 cM. Third Cousins 1x removed share an average of 48 cM but can share as much as 192 cM. For example, Tammy & Tracey are two 2nd great-grandchildren of Charles and Mary Leonard. They are my father's third cousins and my third cousins 1x removed. Tracey and my father share 64.7 cM of DNA across 4 segments, with the longest being 46.6 cM. Tracey and me, however, only share 47 cM and it's on Chromosome 1. Tammy and my father share 84 cM of DNA across 12 segments, with the longest being 50 cM. Ancestry DNA predicted their relationship to be "2nd Cousins to 4th Cousins". Tammy and me, however, share 75 cM of DNA with the longest being 47.6 cM on Chromosome 1. Fourth Cousins Fourth cousins descend from your 2nd great-grandparents' siblings, or, people you share 3rd great-grandparents with. Descendants of Russell Leonard & Sophronia Burrill are my father's Fourth Cousins and my Fourth Cousins 1x removed, 2x removed, etc. Fourth Cousins share about 0.20% of their DNA or up to 0.5%. Average 35 cM or up to 139 cM. Fourth Cousins 1x removed share an average of 28 cM but can share between 0 and 126 cM. The only other known descendant of Russell Leonard & Sophronia Burrill is Charles' sister, Jenette, who married Nelson Reynolds. Ten of their descendants on Ancestry match my father's DNA: Line Relationship to Jenette Relationship to my father Shared DNA Segments Virginia Pendell 3rd great-granddaughter 4th Cousin 1x removed 27 cM 2 Virginia Pendell 4th great-grandson 4th Cousin 2x removed 20 cM 2 Virginia Pendell 4th great-granddaughter 4th Cousin 2x removed 9 cM 1 Virginia Pendell 4th great-granddaughter 4th Cousin 2x removed 10 cM 1 Virginia Pendell 4th great-granddaughter 4th Cousin 2x removed 16 cM 2 Winfield Reynolds 2nd great-grandson 4th Cousin (?) 15 cM 1 Winfield Reynolds 3rd great-granddaughter 4th Cousin 1x removed 14 cM 1 Winfield Reynolds 3rd great-grandson 4th Cousin 1x removed 7 cM 1 Ada Allwood 3rd great-granddaughter 4th Cousin 1x removed 35 cM 2 Ada Allwood 4th great-granddaughter 4th Cousin 2x removed 8 cM 1 Fifth Cousins Fifth cousins descend from your 3rd great-grandparent's siblings, or, people you share 4th great-grandparents with. Descendants of Russell's parents & Sophronia's parents are my father's Fifth Cousins and my Fifth Cousins 1x removed, 2x removed, etc. Fifth Cousins share about 0.05% of their DNA and are very difficult to detect. Also, this many generations back, matches may be related in more way than one, especially if yours is a colonial family like mine. Sixth Cousins & Beyond Sixth cousins descend from your 4th great-grandparent's sibling, or, people you share 5th great-grandparents with. Descendants of Russell's grandparents are my father's Sixth Cousins and my Sixth Cousins 1x removed, 2x removed, etc. Sixth Cousins only share about 0.01% of their DNA. It's barely traceable, but it's probably there somewhere! It also might not be! My father's Leonard Cousins / DNA Matches (I will be updating this list as necessary): Descendants of Solomon via his son Samuel Leonard (1644-1710) My father's DNA matches three of Samuel's descendants: Solomon > Samuel > Samuel > Nathan > Elisha Elisha's 5th great-grandson shares 28.6 cM across 8 segments of my father's DNA. The largest segment is 4.6 cM. Solomon > Samuel > Samuel > Nathan > Simeon Simeon's 4th great-grandson shares 53.5 cM across 11 segments of DNA. The largest is 17.5 cM. It is believed that this person is related in more than one way. Solomon > Samuel > Samuel > Nathan > Nathan Nathan's 4th great-grandson matches my father's YDNA. He is a direct male descendant of Solomon Leonard and his haplogroup with the Y700 test is I-FT382407. Genetic distance: Exact match. Estimated most recent common ancestor 1750 CE. Descendants of Solomon via his son John Leonard (1645-1699) My father's DNA matches two descendants of John Leonard: Solomon > John > Moses > Ezra > Nathan Nathan's 5th great grandson matches my father's YDNA. He is a direct male descendant of Solomon Leonard and his haplogroup with the Y111 test is I-S18331. Genetic distance: 1 Step. Estimated most recent common ancestor 1650 CE. Solomon > John > Moses > Moses > Samuel Samuel's 5th great-granddaughter shares 34.7 cM of DNA across 10 segments. The largest segment is 3.8 cM. Descendants of Solomon via his son Isaac Leonard (1644-1717) My father's DNA matches one descendant of Isaac Leonard: Solomon > Isaac > Benjamin > Dorothea > Mary Aber Mary Aber's 3rd great grandson (?) shares 39.3 cM of DNA across 10 segments. The largest segment is 5.8 cM. Descendants of Solomon via his son Jacob Leonard (1647-1717) My father's DNA matches seven descendants of Jacob Leonard: Solomon > Jacob > Sarah > Solomon Orcutt > Eunice Orcutt Eunice's 2nd great-grandson shares 12 cM of DNA across 3 segments. The largest segment is 4.6 cM. Solomon > Jacob > Sarah > Solomon Orcutt > Eunice Orcutt Eunice's 4nd great-grandson shares 27.2 cM of DNA across 8 segments. The largest segment is 4.6 cM. He may be related in other ways. Solomon > Jacob > Joseph > Joseph > Benjamin Benjamin's 4th great-granddaughter shares 26.4 cM of DNA across 7 segments. The largest segment is 4.9 cM. She may be related in more than one way. Solomon > Jacob > Joseph > Joseph > Benjamin Benjamin's 5th great-grandson, son of the previous, shares 38.3 cM across 10 segments. The largest is 5 cM. He may be related in more than one way. Solomon > Jacob > Joseph > Joseph > Benjamin Another 4th or 5th great-granddaughter of Benjamin (private tree) shares 32.8 cM across 9 segments. The largest is 4.5 cM. Solomon > Jacob > Joseph > Joseph > Joseph A 6th great-grandchild of Joseph shares 14.5 cM across 2 segments with the largest being 9.3 cM. Solomon > Jacob > Joseph > Joseph > Joseph A 5th great-grandchild of Joseph shares 25 cM across 1 segment with my father. Estimated relationship: 4th cousin or half 3rd cousin 1x removed. Leonard matches missing their link to Solomon A 5th great grandson of Abraham Leonard (1770-1833) shares the same haplogroup or subclade. His Y700 haplogroup is I-FTE48892. FTDNA predicts their most recent common ancestor was about the year 1500, but it is more than likely Solomon. Abraham died in Hector, Tompkins, New York, in 1833, and is buried in Mecklenburg, Schuyler, New York. Some of Solomon's son Jacob's descendants lived in Hector circa 1821. See William K. Leonard . The 4th great grandson of Justus Leonard matches my father's YDNA. He tested with the Y700 test, which determines his haplogroup to be I-FT382407. Genetic distance: Exact match. Estimated most recent ancestor 1650 CE. His son was also tested, but with the Y37 (37 marker test) and his haplogroup is given as I-P222. Genetic distance: Exact match. Estimated most recent ancestor 1750 CE. This line may descend from Solomon's son, Samuel. A descendant of Ezra Leonard (1782-1863) via his son Hollis S. Leonard , shares YDNA with my father. He was tested with the Y67 (67 marker test) and his haplogroup is I-M223. Genetic distance: 2 steps. Estimated most recent ancestor 1650 CE. Ezra and Hollis were both born in Vermont. Hollis died in Broome County, New York in 1889. The family lived in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and in Hastings, Michigan. Source: DNA Painter [ Link ]

I've ranted and raved about the Bureau of Land Management and how useful their website is, and here I'll demonstrate why. In 1850, the Federal government passed the Donation Land Claim Act in the Oregon and Washington Territory, in an effort to settle the newly acquired northwestern United States. Settlers willing to move to Oregon and Washington Territory between 1850 and 1853, were granted up to 320 acres of land, providing they resided on and cultivated the property for at least four consecutive years. Married women were also permitted to stake their own claims. The program was extended with some modifications in 1853. During that time, settlers were required to pay $1.25 per acre, but the time required to reside on and cultivate the property was reduced to two years. The Donation Land Claim Act (1850) - Click the arrow to read An Act to create the Office of Surveyor-General of the Public Lands in Oregon, and to provide for the Survey, and to make Donations to Settlers of the said Public Lands. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That a surveyor-general shall be appointed for the Territory of Oregon, who shall have the same authority, perform the same duties respecting the public lands and private land claims in the Territory of Oregon, as are vested in and required of the surveyor of lands in the United States northwest of the Ohio, except as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the said surveyor-general shall establish his office at such place within the said Territory as the President of the United States may from time to time direct; he shall be allowed an annual salary of two thousand five hundred dollars, to be paid quarter-yearly, and to commence at such time as he shall enter into bond, with competent security, for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office. There shall be, and hereby is, appropriated the sum of four thousand dollars, or as much thereof as is necessary for clerk hire in his office; and the further sum of one thousand dollars per annum for office rent, fuel, books, stationary, and other incidental expenses of his office, to be paid out of the appropriation for surveying the public lands. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That if, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior, it be preferable, the surveys in the said Territory shall be made after what is known as the geodetic method, under such regulations, and upon such terms, as may be provided by the Secretary of the Interior of other Department having charge of the surveys of the public lands, and that said geodetic surveys shall be followed by topographical surveys, as Congress may from time to time authorize and direct; but if the present mode of survey be adhered to, then it shall be the duty of said surveyor to cause a base line, and meridian to be surveyed, marked, and established, in the usual manner, at or near the mouth of the Willamette River; and he shall also cause to be surveyed, in townships and sections, in the usual manner, and in accordance with the laws of the United States, which may be in force, the district of country lying between the summit of the Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, and south and north of the Columbia River: Provided, however, That none other than township lines shall be run where the land is deemed unfit for cultivation. That no deputy surveyor shall charge for any line except such as may be actually run and marked, nor for any line not necessary to be run; and that the whole cost of surveying shall not exceed the rate of eight dollars per mile, for every mile and part of mile actually surveyed and marked. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That there shall be, and hereby is, granted to every white settler or occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included, above the age of eighteen years, being a citizen of the United States, or having made a declaration according to law, of his intention to become a citizen, or who shall make such declaration on or before the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty, and who shall have resided upon and cultivated the same for four consecutive years, and shall otherwise conform to the provisions of this act, the quantity of one half section, or three hundred and twenty acres of land, if a single man, and if a married man, or if he shall become married within one year from the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty, the quantity of one section, or six hundred and forty acres, one half to himself and the other half to his wife, and enter the same on the records of his office; and in all cases where such married persons have compiled with the provisions of this act, so as to entitle them to the grant as above provided, whether under the late provisional government of Oregon, or since, and either shall have died before patent issues, the survivor and children or heirs of the deceased shall be entitled to the share or interest of the decreased in equal proportions, except where the deceased shall otherwise dispose of it by testament duly and properly executed according to the laws of Oregon: Provided, That no alien shall be entitled to a patent to land, granted by this act, until he shall produce to the surveyor-general of Oregon, record evidence of his naturalization as a citizen of the United States has been completed; but if any alien, having made his declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States, after the passage of this act, shall die before his naturalization shall be completed, the possessory right acquired by him under the provisions of this act shall descend to his heirs at law, or pass to his devisees, to whom, as the case may be, the patent shall issue: Provided, further, That in all cases provided for in this section, the donation shall embrace the land actually occupied and cultivated by the settler thereon: Provided, further, That all future contracts by any person or persons entitled to the benefits of this act, for the sale of the land to which he or they may be entitled under this act before he or they have received a patent therefor, shall be void: Provided, further, however, That this section shall not be so construed as to allow those claiming rights under the treaty with Great Britain relative to the Oregon Territory, to claim both under this grant and the treaty, but merely to secure them the election, and confine them to a single grant of land. Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That to all white male citizens of the United States or persons who shall have made a declaration of intention to become such, above the age of twenty-one years, emigrating to and settling in said Territory between the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty, and the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-three; and to all white male citizens, not hereinbefore provided for, becoming one and twenty years of age, in said Territory, and settling there between the times last aforesaid, who shall in other respects comply with the foregoing section and the provisions of this law, there shall be, and hereby is, granted the quantity of one quarter section, or one hundred and sixty acres of land, if a single man; or if married, or if he shall become married within one year after becoming twenty-one years of age as aforesaid, the quantity of one half section, or three hundred and twenty acres, one half to the husband and the other half to the wife in her own right, to be designated by the surveyor-general as aforesaid: Provided always, That no person shall ever receive a patent for more than one donation of land in said Territory in his or her own right: Provided, That no mineral lands shall be located or granted under the provisions of this act. Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That within three months after the survey has been made, or where the survey has been made before the settlement commenced, then within three months from the commencement of such settlement, each of said settlers shall notify the surveyor-general, to be appointed under this act, of the precise tract or tracts claimed by them respectively under this law, and in all cases it shall be in a compact form; and where it is practicable by legal subdivisions; but where that cannot be done, it shall be the duty of the said surveyor-general to survey and mark each claim with the boundaries as claimed, at the request and expense of the claimant; the charge for the same in each case not to exceed the price paid for surveying the public lands. The surveyor-general shall enter a description of such claims in a book to be kept by him for that purpose, and note, temporarily, on the township plats, the tract or tracts so designated, with the boundaries; and whenever a conflict of boundaries shall arise prior to issuing the patent, the same shall be determined by the surveyor-general: Provided, That after the first December next, all claims shall be bounded by lines running east and west, and north and south: And provided, further, That after the survey is made, all claims shall be made in conformity to the same, and in compact form. Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That within twelve months after the surveys have been made, or, where the survey has been made before the settlement, then within twelve months from the time the settlement was commenced, each person claiming a donation right under this act shall prove to the satisfaction of the surveyor-general, or of such other officer as may be appointed by law for that purpose, that the settlement and cultivation required by this act has been commenced, specifying the time of the commencement; and at any time after the expiration of four years from the date of such settlement, whether made under the laws of the late provisional government or not, shall prove in like manner, by two disinterested witnesses, the fact of continued residence and cultivation required by the fourth section of this act; and upon such proof being made, the surveyor-general, or other officer appointed by law for that purpose, shall issue certificates under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the commissioner of the general land office, setting forth the facts of the case, and specifying the land to which the parties are entitled. And the said surveyor-general shall return the proof so taken to the office of the commissioner of the general land office, and if the said commissioner shall find no valid objections thereto, patents shall issue for the land according to the certificates aforesaid, upon the surrender thereof. Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That upon the death of any settler before the expiration of the four years' continued possession required by this act, all the rights of the deceased under this act shall descend to the heirs at law of such settler, including the widow, where one is left, in equal parts; and proof of compliance with the conditions of this act up to the time of the death of such settler shall be sufficient to entitle them to the patent. Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That no claim to a donation right under the provisions of this act, upon sections sixteen or thirty-six, shall be valid or allowed, if the residence and cultivation upon which the same is founded shall have commenced after the survey of the same; nor shall such claim attach to any tract or parcel of land selected for a military post, or within one mile thereof, or to any other land reserved for governmental purposes, unless the residence and cultivation thereof shall have commenced previous to the selection or reservation of the same for such purposes. Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That there be, and hereby is, granted to the Territory of Oregon the quantity of two townships of land in the said Territory, west of the Cascade Mountains, and to be selected in legal subdivisions after the same has been surveyed, by the legislative assembly of said Territory, in such a manner as it may deem proper, one to be located north, and the other south, of the Columbia River, to aid in the establishment of the university in the Territory of Oregon, in such manner as the said legislative assembly may direct, the selection to be approved by the surveyor-general. Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That what is known as the "Oregon city claim," excepting the Abernathy Island, which is hereby confirmed to the legal assigns of the Willamette Milling and Trading Companies, shall be set apart and be at the disposal of the legislative assembly, the proceeds thereof to be applied by said legislative assembly to the establishment and endowment of a university, to be located at such place in the Territory as the legislative assembly may designate: Provided, however, That all lots and parts of lots in said claim, sold or granted by Doctor John McLaughlin, previous to the fourth of March, eighteen hundred and forty-nine, shall be confirmed to the purchaser or donee, or their assigns, to be certified to the commissioner of the general land office, by the surveyor-general, and patents to issue on said certificates, as in other cases: Provided, further, That nothing in this act contained shall be so construed or executed, as in any way to destroy or affect any rights to land in said Territory, holden or claimed under the provisions of the treaty or treaties existing between this country and Great Britain. Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That all persons claiming land under any of the provisions of this act, by virtue of settlement and cultivation commenced subsequent to the first of December, in the year eighteen hundred and fifty, shall first make affidavit before the surveyor-general, who is hereby authorized to administer all such oaths or affirmations, or before some other competent officer, that the land claimed by them is for their own use and cultivation; that they are not acting directly or indirectly as agent for, or in the employment of others, in making such claims; and that they have made no sale or transfer, or any arrangement or agreement for any sale, transfer, or alienation of the same, or by which the said land shall ensure to the benefits of any other person. And all affidavits required by this act shall be entered of record, by the surveyor-general, in a book to be kept by him for that purpose; and on proof, before a court of competent jurisdiction, that any such oaths or affirmations are false or fraudulent, the persons making such false or fraudulent oaths or affirmations are false or fraudulent, the subject to all the pains and penalties of perjury. Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That all questions arising under this act shall be ajudged by the surveyor-general as preliminary to a final decision accord to law; and it shall be the duty of the surveyor-general, under the direction of the commissioner of the general land office, to cause proper tract books to be opened for the lands in Oregon, and to do and perform all other acts and things necessary and proper to carry out the provisions of this act. Sec. 14. And be it further enacted, That no mineral lands, nor lands reserved for salines, shall be liable to any claim under and by virtue of the provisions of this act; and that such portions of the public lands as may be designated under the authority of the President of the United States, for forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful public uses, shall be reserved and excepted from the operation of this act; Provided, That if it shall be deemed necessary, in the judgement of the President, to include in any such reservation the improvements of any settler made previous to the passage of this act, it shall in such case be the duty of the Secretary of War to cause the value of such improvements to be ascertained, and the amount so ascertained shall be paid to the party entitled hereto, out of any money not otherwise appropriated. Approved, September 27, 1850. My 3rd great-grandfather, Austin Miles Daniels, went to Oregon in 1850/51 and the family was counted there on the 1854 Enumeration of the Inhabitants of Benton County . When I learned about the Donation Land Claim Act, I was eager to see what I could find about my family in the database. Searching the BLM's database is fairly easy - just choose a State and enter a name. Keep in mind the name must be spelled exactly the way it is given on the patent, so be sure to try different spelling variations. Just click here to visit their website . Then, choose a State, enter a name (last and then first), and click " Search Patents ". My search is a perfect example of why trying alternate spellings is important. I searched for "Austin Daniels" but the search came up empty. I then searched "Austin Daniel" and found my match. If you find any matches, clicking the Accession number gives you access to the files: In the page that opens, details are provided. Check off the blue checkboxes to see the locations on the map: Another important tip When I clicked the "Patent Image" tab, the image wasn't available, but then I clicked on "Related Documents" to see more transactions related to the property. From there I chose " CDI " on the left, which produced a list of patents. This displays a list of related patents, with links to the image. Choose the one you want to see. I chose the patent for Austin Daniel , of course. In the page that opens, click " CDI image " from the tab to see the actual patent. From there you can zoom in and view or download the file: On Nov. 10, 1874, Austin's claim for 320 acres of land was settled. From this patent, we can see that Austin's land was located within these sections. "...the South West quarter of Section 26 and the North West Quarter of Section 35 in Township 10 South of Range 4 West in the district of lands subject to sale at Oregon City, Oregon, containing 320 acres." I drew in the approximate locations here in black: This appears to be the area: Austin's patent was signed by S. D. Williamson, Secretary of Ulysses S. Grant, America's 18th President . Austin's family was found on the census in Soap Creek Precinct, Benton County, Oregon, in 1860 as follows: Click here to learn more about Austin Daniels Click here to learn more about the Daniels family Click here for thousands of free genealogy resources #austindaniels #daniels #oregon #bentoncounty #landrecords #homesteadact

We've only scratched the surface of the human genome, but what we know so far is truly amazing and, quite frankly, mind-boggling! As a female, I inherited my mother's mtDNA, which was passed down virtually unchanged (although with some mutations), from generation to generation, going back to a single matriarch who geneticists have named "Mitochondrial Eve". Y-DNA is only passed from father to son. I believe that partly explains why my father has over 73,000 matches on Ancestry DNA and I only have about 52,000, as explained in one of my recent posts ( click here ). If I had inherited all my father's DNA and all my mother's DNA, I would have way more matches than him, instead of fewer, but our test results demonstrate just how much DNA is lost in one generation between a father and daughter. Ancestry DNA does not provide information about haplogroups, but you can download the raw DNA file and use Morley's Subclade Predictor ( learn more here ) to find out which haplogroup a male's DNA belongs to. Based on my father's DNA, my Leonard haplogroup is I2a2a1. While this is just a prediction, his brother's test produced the same results. Nevertheless, I hope to confirm the haplogroup positively in the near future with the help of FamilyTreeDNA's Y-DNA analysis (not an affiliate link). UPDATE April 2025! My father has recently been tested and his predicted Y37 haplogroup is I-M223. I2a2a1 is a subclade of I-M223, so is my line's more recent group. Here you can see my 3rd great-grandfather, Charles Russell Leonard, at left, followed by his son, grandson, great-grandson, and 2nd great-grandson - five generations of Leonard Y-DNA: Information about the I2a2a1 Haplogroup From https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I2_Y-DNA.shtml Haplogroup l2: Haplogroup I2 is the most common paternal lineage in former Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria and Sardinia, and a major lineage in most Slavic countries. Its maximum frequencies are observed in Bosnia (55%, including 71% in Bosnian Croats), Sardinia (39.5%), Croatia (38%), Serbia (33%), Montenegro (31%), Romania (28%), Moldova (24%), Macedonia (24%), Slovenia (22%), Bulgaria (22%), Belarus (18.5%), Hungary (18%), Slovakia (17.5%), Ukraine (13.5%), and Albania (13.5%). It is found at a frequency of 5 to 10% in Germanic countries. Haplogroup I2a2a1: I2a2a1 (M284+) I2-M284 occurs almost exclusively in Britain and Ireland, but has also been found in Portugal, France, Germany and Norway . It is a very old haplogroup, originating some 10,000 years ago and is split in two subclades Y10626 and L1195, which are each about 7,000 years old. Present-day carriers share a common ancestor who lived approximately 5,500 to 6,000 years ago, during the Megalithic age. Nearly all of the ethnicities defined as I2a2a1 are confirmed by our Ancestry DNA tests. Below are the Ethnicity Estimate's calculated by Ancestry DNA test results. Notice the differences between my father's ethnicity estimate and that of his older brother, even though both are confirmed to have both the same parents (confirmed by shared matches on both sides of the family for each of them). My uncle's test came up with matches for Wales, Sweden & Denmark, Portugal, and Norway. Also, my father's estimate for Scotland is 5% higher than his brother. This may be because my father's test was taken a couple years ago and my uncle's was just taken recently. Perhaps Ancestry will update my father's in the future as these estimates do fluctuate, and these "lost" ethnicities will be found. My father's four quarters are Leonard-Daniels-Hollenbeck-Dykeman I'm sure these DNA results will eventually help us prove the ancestry of Charles Russell Leonard and find the missing links connecting him to Solomon Leonard of Duxbury and Bridgewater, Massachusetts . A valuable paper written by Brad Leonard, who spent much of his long life researching the Leonard family, can be found on his site at http://bradsport.com/GeneticsLeonardYDNA.html . Brad has been in touch with many Leonards from various branches of the family and done extensive analysis on Leonard DNA and does an excellent job explaining the very complex details in a paper he wrote in 2013. According to Brad, "Five of Solomon Leonard of Duxbury’s direct male descendants have been tested. They are in haplogroup I2b, subclade I-M223". According to the group's research, there are five main clusters of Leonards: Leonards who migrated from Ireland, mostly in the 19th century, are generally found in the "R1b" Haplogroup. Some were also from England, but not all R1b Leonards are closely related. Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in the British Isles. Leonards who migrated from Germany in the 18th century may be in the "E" Haplogroup. Descendants of James and Henry Leonard, ironmasters, are in the "J2" Haplogroup. Descendants of Solomon Leonard of Duxbury and Bridgewater appear to be in the "I" Haplogroup. Descendants of John Leonard of Springfield, Mass., may also belong to the "I" Haplogroup. Brad has also been an administrator of The Leonard Project , a group on the FamilyTreeDNA site, which you can find here: https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/leonard/about If you are a descendant of Solomon Leonard, or suspect you might be and you've had your DNA tested on Ancestry or uploaded the raw data to Gedmatch, or if you belong to haplogroup I2a2a1 or I2b, please comment below or contact me. For more information about my Leonard family, see the Leonard page here . #leonard #dna #ydna #haplogroup #genetics #ethnicity

While searching for information about my ancestor, John Burrill , I got side-tracked, once again, and dragged myself into a long, two-week project. It started when I found reference to a man named John Burrill, among the names of militia and minutemen who fought at the battles of Lexington and Concord and Menotomy (now Arlington). It was a book called " The battle of April 19, 1775 ", by Frank Coburn. It contains many names of the men who rose to the call of duty and defended the colony at a pivotal moment in American history. April 19, 1775, essentially the first day of the American Revolution, is considered a holiday, "Patriot's Day", but only in six States - Massachusetts, Maine, Florida, Wisconsin, Connecticut, and North Dakota. Battle reenactments are performed and the Boston Marathon is held each year in remembrance of Patriot's Day. ( Source : Wikipedia ) "Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it". - Winston Churchill Reflecting back on learning about the American Revolution in school, I remember not being very interested, frankly. Just like most things, freedom is easy to take fore-granted when you have it and I had never really stopped to think what our ancestors endured to obtain the freedom we enjoy so freely. This is a critical error among our children and population, in general, today. Most Americans can't conceive the idea of losing freedoms, and therefore don't fear losing it, but it is very possible, even more so today with technological advances. Every American should be prepared to guard and defend it at all costs, just as our ancestors did. “Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety.” - Benjamin Franklin In my school days, history lessons seemed to be "someone else's history", because I didn't know anything about my family beyond my great-grandparents. If I had even realized that there were a lot more names in my family tree besides my parents' last names, I probably would have felt more of a personal connection and interest in the lessons. I believe if students knew there was a good chance their grandfathers were involved, they might be more interested in history. Let's understand that each of us had at least 256 great-grandfathers living in the late 1700s . Depending on when you were born, you could literally have had hundreds of grandfathers who fought in the American Revolution. Men who were living in the mid-late 1700s were my 6th or 7th and 8th great-grandfathers, so I could have had anywhere between 128 and 512 great-grandfathers who participated. Anyone with colonial roots in this country probably had dozens of grandfathers who were members of militias and/or fought in the Revolution, because nearly all able-bodied men in New England did. Before I became interested in family history, I didn't know that any of my grandfathers fought in America's wars, but over the years of research, one by one, I've discovered that at least 14 of my grandfathers fought in the Revolutionary War, whereas I had known of none. ( See my family's Wall of Honor here ). I share this not to brag, but to encourage others to do the same and to honor their service and memory. I am glad to have been able to track down and restore so much of the family's history for future generations. I believe it is important to remember the past and recognize all the effort that has gone into getting us all to the places we are now. "People will not look forward to posterity, who never look backward to their ancestors." - Edmund Burke As I learn about the Battles of April 19, 1775, I am in awe of the patriots - men who were so brave and bold as to hold secret conventions, raise militias, and physically fight to the death for America's independence. Their gumption and courage on that day inspired thousands of others to join the cause, resulting in a major victory the following year. These men were heroes and are worthy of recognition, especially as we approach the 250th anniversary ( United States Semicinquentennial ) of the independence they won for us. If you had ancestors who lived in Middlesex County, Essex County, Norfolk County, or Sussex County, Massachusetts during the late 1700s, there's a very good chance your family was involved in the conflict and battles of Patriot's Day. Over 4,000 men from Beverly, Danvers, Lynn, Acton, Arlington, Bedford, Billerica, Cambridge, Chelmsford, Concord, Dracut, Framingham, Lexington, Lincoln, Malden, Newton, Reading, Stow, Sudbury, Watertown, Westford, Woburn, Brookline, Dedham, Medford, Needham, and Roxbury (Boston), responded to the alarm alerting colonists to the impending attack by the British. For my Leonard cousins and Reese cousins, we had ancestors in Framingham, Concord, Reading, Cambridge, and Newton. You can see them at the bottom of the Middlesex County, Massachusetts, page . There were also relatives in Norfolk, Sussex, and Essex Counties. Try a free search of my new Massachusetts Militia database to see if your family names are included! Don't miss this opportunity to encourage your children and grandchildren to love learning about American history, because it's not "somebody else's history". It is the history of US! Our grandfather's literally fought for the freedom we have enjoyed for the past 250 years. Some individuals were left with lifelong disabilities or lost their lives in combat. Their wives and mothers were left to handle households and children on their own. Widows and mothers who lost their sons emerged from these hardships. These resilient individuals were our ancestors, and their DNA is ingrained within us. Let us not forget them. We honor these heroes today and always! Get your commemorative certificate to display! Proud Descendant of Massachusetts Militia ~ In Memory of The Massachusetts Militia & Minutemen For more information, see my Massachusetts Genealogy Resources . From there you can find county and town resources as well. For military records, try my Military Resources page .

AncestryDNA has confirmed my relationship to Joshua Burrill, father of Sophronia (Burrill) Leonard-Knapp. Sophronia married Russell Leonard, who left her and two small children in central New York to go buy land in Michigan in 1833 and never returned. To this day, we have no answers about his fate. Sophronia's parents were Joshua Burrill and Caroline Fitts. Caroline was born on August 4, 1786 and married Joshua Burrill "formerly of Edmeston, N.Y."[1] Caroline's sister, Roxilana, married Joshua's brother, John Burrill. [2] They were descendants of Lord Burrill of King's Deer Park of Wales. [2] Joshua was a hotel keeper in Onondaga County and in Righville, Genesee County, New York, according to Fitts Genealogy. There is no place called Righville or any similar name in or around Genesee County or even in the State. There is, however, a village in Pembroke called RICHVILLE, shown in the map. Joshua was counted on the census in Pembroke, Genesee, New York, in 1850. Fitts Genealogy names only four of Joshua and Caroline's children: Martha aka "Patty" (1810-1869), who married David Redman and had 12 children. Achsah (1814-1884) Arba (1813- ), who married and had a family. Mahaleth, who married and had no children. Other known children were: Brooksey (1812-1902), born Nov. 14, 1812, in Middleborough, Plymouth, Massachusetts. She married John King and had 4 children. Sophronia (1814/5-1883), my ancestor. I have found no evidence of Sophronia's birth, and no proof of her connection to Joshua Burrill, except DNA matches with several of her siblings' descendants, which can be seen here . If you have any information about Sophronia, please share! Regarding Caroline Fitts' family, below are more excerpts from "Genealogy of the Fitts or Fitz Family in America", showing Caroline's lineage. Click here to learn more about Caroline Fitts . Click here to learn more about Joshua Burrill . Click here to learn more about Sophronia Burrill . Click here to learn more about this branch of my family tree . Click here for thousands of free genealogy resources to help research your family's history ! Sources: [1] The Family Record by Truxton G. Lamb (1811-1880), 1957, p. 26. [ Link ] [2] Genealogy of the Fitts or Fitz Family in America by James Hill Fitts and James Harris Fitts, 1869, p. 56. [ Link ]